19. If M stands for the money stock, P for the price level, and Y for real GDP, then velocity, V, equals:
A. (P x Y) / M
B. (P x M) / Y
C. (M x Y) / P
D. (M x P) / Y
E. (Y x M) / P
20. Velocity is determined by:
A. the Federal Reserve.
B. the size of the government budget deficit.
C. average labor productivity times the population growth rate.
D. payments methods and technology.
E. open market operations.
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