A crucial political development that paved the way for the european colonization of america was?

Question

please back answers up, thanks!

a. the rise of italian city states like venice and genoa

b. the feudal nobles political domination of the merchant class

c. the rise of the centralized national monarchies such as that of spain

d. the political alliance between the christian papacy and muslim traders

Answer 1

Since Spain was the first one out the door, a centralized monarchy seems to be the answer.  What do YOU think?

Answer 2

e. the treaty of torcedilllas, when Spain and Portugal divided the unknown 'lands' of the world for colonizitoin. not really exploitation.

Answer 3

e.  The creation of a government department with training schools for retarded children to attack innocent civilians in  formerly friendly NATO countries  -- now wait, what's the date?