Bonsai,a botanical approach?

Question

in a biological approach,how do bonsai trainers(risers) train their trees and keep them small?do they remove meristem tissue or they only prune the tree in a especial way to keep them so small?

Answer 1

frequent pruning keeps them small

Answer 2

Not only the top is pruned but the roots are also pruned. Infertile soil with lots of sand is used to pot them and they are watered daily. Fertilizer is rarely used and then it is very weak. Basically everything that could stunt a plant is used to keep them small. But that also makes them prone to dieing if they don't get daily care.