Can a defendant's attorney take a case from circuit court under state law and bring it to Federal Court?

Question

If they both reside in the same state.

Answer 1

If it falls under Federal law, yes.

Answer 2

In a civil suit, if the claim or a counterclaim is based on federal law.

Answer 3

Not a criminal defendant, but a civil defendant can but not as a matter of right, but only if a federal question is involved.  Diversity jurisdiction doesn't entitle a state civil litigant to remove the case without a federal question.

Answer 4

Yes, under diversity jurisdiction. That is: if all parties reside in different states and the matter in controversy exceeds $75k.