Kyoto attempts to reduce the likelihood of global warming from excessive greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Kyoto Protocol, many developed countries (such as Russia, the United Kingdom, and Japan) made specific commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The Protocol refers to these countries as Annex I countries.
Under the emissions trading program described in the NPR story, each Annex I country receives emissions permits, or credits, to distribute to carbon-emitting firms in its economy. Each credit allows the holder to emit 1 ton of carbon dioxide during the year. If, at the end of the year, a firm has emitted more pollution than its credits allow, it pays a large fine. If a firm needs to emit more pollution than its permits allow, the firm can buy the additional credits it needs from a firm that does not need all of its pollution credits.
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