Comparison between plasmid and chromosome?what is mechanism of plasmid transfer?

Question

comparison show the differ between plasmid and chromosome

and details about plasmid transfer with in bacterial cell

Answer 1

Plasmids are going to be smaller then your run of the mill chromosome, both contain nucleic acids and both are going to be double stranded. The plasmid will be in a circular form though.

Plasmid transfer can literally be typed directly into google and your likely to find the answer you need, but briefly it is the transfer of a plasmid from one bacteria to another by use of a awesomely named structure that I will make you find out the name of. Its a way for bacteria to transfer and share genes amongst one another. The significance is that antibiotic resistances are usually maintained withint the plasmids, so bacteria that share plasmids amongst each other readily are quite capable of quickly spreading resistance.  

Answer 2

ok first, chromosomes are located in eukaryotes (such as human beings, animals, plants...) whereas plasmids are located in prokaryotes (mainly bacteria).

Chromosomes: they are the site of DNA, genetic material, in a eukaryotic cell, like the human cell. the chromosomes are elongated structures that consist of upper and lower arms attached by a centromere. in a haploid cell (gametes), there are 23 chromosomes (22 autosomes + 1 gonosome), whereas in a diploid cell (like the liver cell) there are 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs. The chromosomes are located within the nucleus of the cell and they are invisible except during cell division.

Plasmids: in the bacterium, there are no chromosome structures, so the DNA is located in a big ring, which is located in the middle of the bacterium, in a region called nucleoid. Notice that there's no nucleus in bacteria, so no membrane separates the cytoplasm from the nucleiod region, unlike the human cell in which there's a nucleus separating the chromosomes from the cytoplasm. ok, now what are the plasmids? In a bacterium, there are also small rings of DNA, which differ from the big ring that i described earlier. These small rings are called plasmids, and they are suspended in the cytoplasm surrounding the big ring. Only in bacteria, or prokaryotes, we find circular DNA (rings) and plasmids.

Small introduction about plasmid transfer: Bacteria (prokaryotes) proliferate by asexual reproduction, and this type of reproduction does not usually cause genetic recombination, because it produces genetically identical cells. However, genetic recombination can occur sometimes between bacteria....This is accomplished by a process called conjugation in which a transfer of genetic material (plasmids), from one bacterium to an another, takes place.

Process of plasmid transfer: Conjugation (transfer of plasmids) happens between a donor male (+) which contains plasmids, and a recipient female (-) which does not possess plasmids. It starts when the donor male (+) forms a conjugation bridge (s*x pilli) with a recipient female (-). Through this bridge, the transfer of the plasmid from the male to the female takes place. (Notice that the plasmid is replicated in the male bacterium before transfer). After the transfer is done, the conjugation bridge is cleaved and the 2 bacteria separate.

I hope this helped :)

Answer 3

One way is by using an organism called A. tumefaciens, which can inject plasmids into plant cells.  This effect was most notably observed on tobacco plants, but has now been generalized to permit genetic modification of many species.  Fully 75% of the US corn crop uses genetically modified seed.