Could somebody, preferably excellent at physics, please describe these particles as much as they can, thanks.?

Question

As best as you can of course, there are some elementary and some composite, and some hypothetical, I just need a little refreshing, and it helps when have them all together in a list.

fermions

baryons

hadrons

mesons

quarks

leptons

bosons

gauge bosons

neutrino

gluon

photon

graviton

tau, tau neutrino, tauon, tauon lepton ???

muon, muon neutrino ??

w boson

z boson

electron neutrino

phonon

exciton

plasmon

polariton

polaron

magnon

chronon

pomeron

skyrmion

goldstino

dyon

geon

spurion

inflaton

and there are the hypothetial ones, are they just...made up?

higgs boson, higgsino

photino

gluino

chargino

gravitino

neutralino

majoron

magnetic photon

branon

axino

saxion

sleptons

squarks

and the speed ones

tardyon

bradton

luxon

tachyon

i do not expect a huge in depth lecture on every one (although that would be amazing), just a litle something on some, if you can, thanks

Answer 1

The descriptions of all of these are on Wikipedia. Start under the Standard Model entry. You can go from there.

Standard Model:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Mo...

Copy and paste to your heart's content.

Answer 2

There are four fundamental forces that govern nature. These forces are: the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, electromagnetism, and the gravitational force. Within the elementary particle 'world' the first three forces predominate.

The elementary particles may be grouped into those particles, which feel one or all of the forces. Below I will list all of elementary particle types along with the force that they interact with.

The quarks (named by theorist Murray Gell-Mann, from the James Joyce book Finnegans Wake)feel the strong nuclear force, which is exchanged among them via eight types of gluons, which transmit the 'colour' force. The twelve quarks types and their anti-types are called: -

family 1

Up

Down

anti-Up

anti-Down

family 2

Strange

Charm

anti-Strange

antiCharm

family 3

Bottom

Top

anti-Bottom

anti-Top

The eight gluons are known as vector gauge bosons.

The everyday world of protons and neutrons is composed of combinations of three quarks to make a colour neutral baryon (with baryon number = 1), which is also referred to as a spin-one-half unit fermion, also known as a hadron (from Greek ἁδρός, hadros, thick). The quarks can have anti-quarks and these can combine with quarks to from mesons (baryon number = 0), these particles are also hadrons.

The leptons (from Greek leptos meaning 'thin') do not feel the strong nuclear force but exchange the weak and electromagnetic forces. The leptons are fermions with one-half unit spin. The weak force is exchanged via gauge bosons.

The leptons and their anti-particles are called: -

family 1

electron

positron

electron neutrino

electron anti-neutrino

family 2

muon

antimuon

muon neutrino

muon anti-neutrino

family 3

tau lepton

anti-tau lepton

tau neutrino

tau anti-neutrino

The weak nuclear force, felt by the leptons, is exchanged via leptons with left-handed spin. The gauge bosons (with a spin of one unit), which transmit this force, are called: -

W+

W-

Z0

Finally, the photon is also a gauge boson and it transmits the electromagnetic force.

This is a complete list of the elementary particles currently known to nuclear physics. All other particles are composites of these particles.

The forces and theories that describe them may be summarised by the following table: -

Interaction.............. Current Theory ......... ......... Mediators

Strong Nuclear. ..... Quantum chromodynamics . gluons

Electromagnetic... . Quantum electrodynamics .. photons

Weak.................... Electroweak Theory... ..... .. W and Z bosons

Gravitation ...... ..... General Relativity............... gravitons (not yet discovered)

All of the force mediating or transmitting particles have integer spin because they are bosons. The photon has a spin of one as do the gluons and weak force's transmitters the W +/- and the Z0! Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, comments, 'the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravity in the framework of quantum field theory. If it exists, the graviton must be massless (because the gravitational force has unlimited range) and must have a spin of 2 (because gravity is a second-rank tensor field).

Gravitons are postulated because of the great success of the quantum field theory (in particular, the Standard Model) at modelling the behaviour of all other forces of nature with similar particles: electromagnetism with the photon, the strong interaction with the gluons, and the weak interaction with the W and Z bosons. In this framework, the gravitational interaction is mediated by gravitons, instead of being described in terms of curved space-time as in general relativity.'

However, the particles that 'feel' the forces are quarks (strong nuclear force) with a half integer spin, leptons (electrons and neutrinos- weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force) with half integer spin. Gravity is ‘felt’ by mass and space-time and is not, as of yet, understood in terms of a particulate transmission! Any particle with a half integer quantum spin is referred to as a fermion.

Turning, now, to the search for 'new' and theoretical particles!

The L(arge)H(adron) C(ollider) (at CERN) is intended to look for the Higg's boson and physics beyond the standard model of particle physics such as super symmetry and dark matter/energy candidates. The standard model does not predict that the LHC will produce mini-Black Holes; however, if physics beyond the standard model is found to hold, then mini-Black Holes might be possible. These mini-Black holes might be produced at a rate in the order of one per second. According to the some calculations, these ‘holes’ are harmless because they will quickly decay via ‘Hawking radiation’ and explode into a shower of particles. The problem with ‘Hawking radiation’ is that it too is unproven physics and, thus, might not be a correct explanation for the disappearance of mini-Black Holes.