Explain how clonorchiasis can occur in places where the suitable intermediate hosts are not available?

Question

its my micro-para report. and thats one of the questions i need to answer

Answer 1

Well, the definitive host just has to ingest the metacercariae from the tissue of the intermediate host.  That tissue doesn't necessarily have to be alive, or even fresh:  raw fish, refrigerated or lightly frozen, OR those preserved by drying, salting, or pickling may also transmit the disease, even if they're shipped around the world.  Even when the fish themselves are cooked thoroughly, the metacercaria can be ingested if they are on the hands--so wash those pinkies!