Famous foreign physicists and their contributions?

Answer 1

William Gilbert 1544-1603
English hypothesized that the Earth is a giant magnet
Galileo Galilei 1564-1642
Italian performed fundamental observations, experiments, and mathematical analyses in astronomy and physics; discovered mountains and craters on the moon, the phases of Venus, and the four largest satellites of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede
Willebrod Snell 1580-1626
Dutch discovered law of refraction (Snell's law)
Blaise Pascal 1623-1662
French discovered that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of its container (Pascal's principle)
Christiaan Huygens 1629-1695
Dutch proposed a simple geometrical wave theory of light, now known as ``Huygen's principle''; pioneered use of the pendulum in clocks
Robert Hooke 1635-1703
English discovered Hooke's law of elasticity
Sir Isaac Newton 1643-1727
English developed theories of gravitation and mechanics, and invented differential calculus
Daniel Bernoulli 1700-1782
Swiss developed the fundamental relationship of fluid flow now known as Bernoulli's principle
Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790
American the first American physicist; characterized two kinds of electric charge, which he named ``positive'' and ``negative''
Leonard Euler 1707-1783
Swiss made fundamental contributions to fluid dynamics, lunar orbit theory (tides), and mechanics; also contributed prolifically to all areas of classical mathematics
Henry Cavendish 1731-1810
British discovered and studied hydrogen; first to measure Newton's gravitational constant; calculated mass and mean density of Earth
Charles Augustin de Coulomb 1736-1806
French experiments on elasticity, electricity, and magnetism; established experimentally nature of the force between two charges
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1736-1813
French developed new methods of analytical mechanics
James Watt 1736-1819
Scottish invented the modern condensing steam engine and a centrifugal governor
Count Alessandro Volta 1745-1827
Italian pioneer in study of electricity; invented the first electric battery
Joseph Fourier 1768-1830
French established the differential equation governing heat diffusion and solved it by devising an infinite series of sines and cosines capable of approximating a wide variety of functions
Thomas Young 1773-1829
British studied light and color; known for his double-slit experiment that demonstrated the wave nature of light
Jean-Babtiste Biot 1774-1862
French studied polarization of light; co-discovered that intensity of magnetic field set up by a current flowing through a wire varies inversely with the distance from the wire
André Marie Ampère 1775-1836
French father of electrodynamics
Amadeo Avogadro 1776-1856
Italian developed hypothesis that all gases at same volume, pressure, and temperature contain same number of atoms
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777-1855
German formulated separate electrostatic and electrodynamical laws, including ``Gauss' law''; contributed to development of number theory, differential geometry, potential theory, theory of terrestrial magnetism, and methods of calculating planetary orbits
Hans Christian Oersted 1777-1851
Danish discovered that a current in a wire can produce magnetic effects
Sir David Brewster 1781-1868
English deduced ``Brewster's law'' giving the angle of incidence that produces reflected light which is completely polarized; invented the kaleidoscope and the stereoscope, and improved the spectroscope
Augustin-Jean Fresnel 1788-1827
French studied transverse nature of light waves
Georg Ohm 1789-1854
German discovered that current flow is proportional to potential difference and inversely proportional to resistance (Ohm's law)
Michael Faraday 1791-1867
English discovered electromagnetic induction and devised first electrical transformer
Felix Savart 1791-1841
French co-discovered that intensity of magnetic field set up by a current flowing through a wire varies inversely with the distance from the wire
Sadi Carnot 1796-1832
French founded the science of thermodynamics
Joseph Henry 1797-1878
American performed extensive fundamental studies of electromagnetic phenomena; devised first practical electric motor
Christian Doppler 1803-1853
Austrian experimented with sound waves; derived an expression for the apparent change in wavelength of a wave due to relative motion between the source and observer
Wilhelm E. Weber 1804-1891
German developed sensitive magnetometers; worked in electrodynamics and the electrical structure of matter
Sir William Hamilton 1805-1865
Irish developed the principle of least action and the Hamiltonian form of classical mechanics
James Prescott Joule 1818-1889
British discovered mechanical equivalent of heat
Armand-Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau 1819-1896
French made the first terrestrial measurement of the speed of light; invented one of the first interferometers; took the first pictures of the Sun on daguerreotypes; argued that the Doppler effect with respect to sound should also apply to any wave motion, particularly that of light
Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault 1819-1868
French accurately measured speed of light; invented the gyroscope; demonstrated the Earth's rotation
Sir George Gabriel Stokes 1819-1903
British described the motion of viscous fluids by independently discovering the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid mechanics (or hydrodynamics); developed Stokes theorem by which certain surface integrals may be reduced to line integrals; discovered fluorescence
Hermann von Helmholtz 1821-1894
German developed first law of thermodynamics, a statement of conservation of energy
Rudolf Clausius 1822-1888
German developed second law of thermodynamics, a statement that the entropy of the Universe always increases
Lord Kelvin
(born William Thomson) 1824-1907
British proposed absolute temperature scale, of essence to development of thermodynamics
Gustav Kirchhoff 1824-1887
German developed three laws of spectral analysis and three rules of electric circuit analysis; also contributed to optics
Johann Balmer 1825-1898
Swiss developed empirical formula to describe hydrogen spectrum
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan 1828-1914
British developed a carbon-filament incandescent light; patented the carbon process for printing photographs in permanent pigment
James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879
Scottish propounded the theory of electromagnetism; developed the kinetic theory of gases
Josef Stefan 1835-1893
Austrian studied blackbody radiation
Ernst Mach 1838-1916
Austrian studied conditions that occur when an object moves through a fluid at high speed (the ``Mach number'' gives the ratio of the speed of the object to the speed of sound in the fluid); proposed ``Mach's principle,'' which states that the inertia of an object is due to the interaction between the object and the rest of the universe
Josiah Gibbs 1839-1903
American developed chemical thermodynamics; introduced concepts of free energy and chemical potential
James Dewar 1842-1923
British liquified nitrogen and invented the Dewar flask, which is critical for low-temperature work
Osborne Reynolds 1842-1912
British contributed to the fields of hydraulics and hydrodynamics; developed mathematical framework for turbulence and introduced the ``Reynolds number,'' which provides a criterion for dynamic similarity and correct modeling in many fluid-flow experiments
Ludwig Boltzmann 1844-1906
Austrian developed statistical mechanics and applied it to kinetic theory of gases
Roland Eötvös 1848-1919
Hungarian demonstrated equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass
Oliver Heaviside 1850-1925
English contributed to the development of electromagnetism; introduced operational calculus and invented the modern notation for vector calculus; predicted existence of the Heaviside layer (a layer of the Earth's ionosphere)
George Francis FitzGerald 1851-1901
Irish hypothesized foreshortening of moving bodies (Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction) to explain the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment
John Henry Poynting 1852-1914
British demonstrated that the energy flow of electromagnetic waves could be calculated by an equation (now called Poynting's vector)
Henri Poincaré 1854-1912
French founded qualitative dynamics (the mathematical theory of dynamical systems); created topology; contributed to solution of the three-body problem; first described many properties of deterministic chaos; contributed to the development of special relativity
Janne Rydberg 1854-1919
Swedish analyzed the spectra of many elements; discovered many line series were described by a formula that depended on a universal constant (the Rydberg constant)
Edwin H. Hall 1855-1938
American discovered the ``Hall effect,'' which occurs when charge carriers moving through a material are deflected because of an applied magnetic field - the deflection results in a potential difference across the side of the material that is transverse to both the magnetic field and the current direction
Heinrich Hertz 1857-1894
German worked on electromagnetic phenomena; discovered radio waves and the photoelectric effect
Nikola Tesla 1857-1943
Serbian-born American creat

Answer 2

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Answer 3

foreign phycisists and their contribuion

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Answer 5

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Answer 6

foreign local phycisist and identify their contribution