Ferns help?

Question

A)why are ferns considered as lower vascular plants?

B) what are the structures found on the undersurface of matured leaves?

Answer 1

A)  Ferns are considered lower vascular plants because they reproduce by spores instead of seeds.

B) Spores are located on the underside of matured leaves.

http://www.nybg.org/bsci/herb/ferns.html