From where i can got essay on brain drain?

Question

essay on brain drain

Answer 1

since this is medicine, I presume its the treatment when they drill a small hole to remove the excess fluid outside the brain, inside the skull?

Its a fairly new treatment to treat the pressures applied to the brain by the excess fluid.  The symptoms of the illness are similar to alzheimers.  

The fluid drains through a tube into the inner ear, where it then drains into the throat through the natural channels in the ear/nose/throat.  

Follow-up treatments are required as the tubes/holes get plugged up and neeed to be cleaned out once in a while.

Dont' have website fr you.

Answer 2

go for http://www.mywebsearch.com it will suggest you some useful sites

Answer 3

Brain drain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article is about the emigration term. For the album by the Ramones, see Brain Drain (album).

A brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity, political instability, or health risks. A brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government. It is a parallel of capital flight which refers to the same movement of financial capital. The term was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration of "scientists and technologists" to North America from post-war Europe.[1] The converse phenomenon is brain gain, which occurs when there is a large-scale immigration of technically qualified persons.

Brain drains are common amongst developing nations, particularly former colonies like much of Africa[2] or the island nations of the Caribbean.[3]

Contents [hide]

1 Europe

1.1 Western Europe

1.2 Central and Eastern Europe

1.3 South Eastern Europe

2 Africa

2.1 South Africa

3 Middle East

3.1 Iraq

3.2 Iran

4 Southeast Asia and Australasia

4.1 New Zealand

4.2 Philippines

5 North America

5.1 Canada

5.2 United States

6 South America

6.1 Cuba

6.2 Caribbean

7 Brain gain

8 See also

9 Footnotes

10 References

11 Online references

12 External links



[edit] Europe



2007 Election campaign poster by the Swiss People's Party, who successfully won votes by appealing to public anger with immigrant criminality. The black sheep is being kicked off the Swiss flag. The caption is a pun on the German words for "sheep and "to cause", "Schaf" and "schaffen" respectively. It reads: "Bringing safety".Brain drain phenomena in Europe fall into two distinct trends. The first is an outflow of highly-qualified scientists from Western Europe mostly to the United States.[4] The second is a migration of skilled workers from Eastern and Southeastern Europe into Western Europe, often made easy by new EU membership,[5], although there is evidence that the trend is slowing.[6][7] The European Union has noted a net loss of highly-skilled workers and introduced a "blue card" policy-much like the American green card-which "seeks to draw an additional 20 million workers from Asia, Africa and Latin America in the next two decades".[8]

Although the EU recognizes a need for extensive immigration in order to mitigate the effects of an aging population [9], nationalist political parties have gained support in many European countries by calling for stronger laws restricting immigration. [10] Immigrants are perceived as a burden on the state and cause of social problems like increased crime rates, even in the absence of hard evidence.[11]



Flow digram of net migration patterns

[edit] Western Europe

In 2006, over 250 000 Europeans emigrated to the United States (164 285)[12], Australia (40 455) [13], Canada (37 946)[14] and New Zealand (30 262)[15]. Germany alone saw 155 290 people leave the country (though mostly to destinations within Europe). This is the highest rate of worker emigration since reunification, which itself was equal to the rate in the aftermath of World War II.[16] Portugal is suffering the largest drain in Western Europe. The country has lost 19.5% of its qualified population and is struggling to absorb sufficient skilled immigrants to cater for losses to Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Germany and Austria.[17]

[edit] Central and Eastern Europe

Central and Eastern European countries have expressed concerns about extensive migration of skilled labourers to Ireland and the United Kingdom. Lithuania, for example, has lost about 100 000 citizens since 2003, many of them young and well-educated, to emigration to Ireland in particular.[citation needed] (Ireland itself used to suffer serious brain drain to America, Britain and Canada before the Celtic Tiger economic programs.) The same phenomenon occurred in Poland after its entry into the European Union. In the first year of its EU membership, 100 000 Poles registered to work in England, joining an estimated 750 000 residents of Polish descent.[18] However, with the rapid growth of salaries in Poland, booming economy, strong value of the złoty, and decreasing unemployment (which fell from 14.2% in May 2006 to 8% in March 2008[19]), the flight of Polish workers is slowing.[20] In 2008 people who came back outnumbered thoses leaving the country.

[edit] South Eastern Europe

The rapid and large-scale departure of highly-skilled workers from Southeastern Europe has caused concern about those nations developing towards inclusion in the European Union.[21] This has sparked programmes to curb the outflow by encouraging skilled technicians and scientists to remain in the region to work on international projects.[22] Among the most notable Yugoslav talent losses is Rada Ivekovic.

[edit] Africa

Even though little has been discussed about the effects of brain drain in Africa, it is believed to be one of the biggest issues to the developing nations. Conservatively speaking, "Brain drain has cost the African continent over $4 billion in the employment of 150,000 expatriate professionals annually."[23] According to UNDP, "Ethiopia lost 75 per cent of its skilled workforce between 1980 and 1991," which harms the ability of such nations to get out of poverty. Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia are believed to be the most affected. In the case of Ethiopia, the country produces many excellent doctors, but there are more Ethiopian doctors in Chicago than there are in Ethiopia.[24]. South African President Thabo Mbeki said in his 1998 'African Renaissance' speech:

"In our world in which the generation of new knowledge and its application to change the human condition is the engine which moves human society further away from barbarism, do we not have need to recall Africa's hundreds of thousands of intellectuals back from their places of emigration in Western Europe and North America, to rejoin those who remain still within our shores! I dream of the day when these, the African mathematicians and computer specialists in Washington and New York, the African physicists, engineers, doctors, business managers and economists, will return from London and Manchester and Paris and Brussels to add to the African pool of brain power, to enquire into and find solutions to Africa's problems and challenges, to open the African door to the world of knowledge, to elevate Africa's place within the universe of research the information of new knowledge, education and information."

[edit] South Africa

South Africa has been suffering a massive departure of skilled, mostly white, labourers—mostly aged between 20 and 39—since the end of Apartheid in 1990: between 1991 and 2005, nearly 800 000 are estimated to have left.[25] By 2002, approximately 70% of skilled South Africans were said to be considering emigration, citing crime, AIDS, unemployment[26] and affirmative action[27] as motivating factors. Emigrants are attracted to developed English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[28] Britain is particularly popular, with an estimated 800 000 to 1.2 million South Africans at the end of 2007.[29]

The drain has an adverse effect on the health sector, since emigrating medical staff do not remain to assist in the fight against HIV/AIDS.[30] South Africa has the largest population living with AIDS in the world.[31]

[edit] Middle East

[edit] Iraq

The lack of basic services and security is feeding a outflow of professionals from Iraq that began under Saddam Hussein, under whose rule 4 million Iraqis are believed to have left the country.[32] The exodus is fueled by violence, which, as of 2006, has seen 89 university professors and senior lecturers killed.[33]

[edit] Iran

Main article: Iran's Brain Drain problem

In 2006, the International Monetary Fund ranked Iran highest in brain drain among 90 measured countries.[34] The estimated exodus of 150,000 people per year is thought to be due to a poor job market, and tense domestic social conditions.[35]

[edit] Southeast Asia and Australasia

[edit] New Zealand

During the 1990s, 30 000 New Zealanders were emigrating each year. Under John Howard's government, nationals re-entering the country were not automatically granted permanent residence or state benefits.[36] An OECD report released in 2005 revealed that 24.2% of New Zealanders with a tertiary education were living outside of New Zealand, predominantly in Australia.[37] In 2007, around 24 000 New Zealanders settled in Australia.[38] Student loans are cited as a reason, with graduates using higher foreign salaries to pay off their debts.

It has been noted that New Zealand also enjoys immigration of qualified foreigners, potentially leaving a net gain of skills.[39]

[edit] Philippines

The Philippines first began experiencing a noticeable brain drain in the 1970s, when the government set up a mechanism for international contract work. These Overseas Contract Workers were at first employed largely in Middle East nations, notably Saudi Arabia, but an increasing number of workers were taking contracts in Southeast Asia into the 1990s. The number of Filipinos working abroad in such contract work increased from 36 035 in 1975 to 214 590 in 1980. [40]

As of 2006, it was thought that approximately 8 million Filipinos were working abroad. [41] Philippine workers sent home more than $10.7 billion last year, equal to about 12% of the GDP. [42] The drain has a damaging effect on the country's health care system. It is estimated that approxim