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Question

What effect do hormones have on their target tissues? Provide an example of a hormone released by the body and explain the effect it has on its specific target.

Answer 1

A. Steroid Hormones and Gene Expression. These hormones pass through the target cell and into the nucleus where they bind to a receptor protein. Here they activate certain genes.

B. Peptide Hormones and Second Messengers. They are unable to pass through the plasma membrane and have different methods of action. They attach to their receptors in the target cell surface and influence activity within the cell through cytoplasmic intermediates called second messengers.

The two most important messengers are cAMP and inositol triphosphate.

Cyclic AMP: ATP is converted into cAMP after a series of reactions on the plasma membrane following the attachment of the hormone to the membrane. cAMP relays the signal from the membrane to the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm.

Inositol Triphosphate: Involves the use of Ca+2 that regulates cellular protein activity.