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the topic is:EASTERN GHATS AND ITS BIO DIVERSITIES.

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Answer 1

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Answer 2

B. Eastern Ghats

Gladwin Joseph1 and Vivek Ramachandran2

1. Introduction

The Eastern Ghats are a series of discontinuous low ranges running generally northeast-southwest parallel to the coast of the Bay of Bengal. They cover an area of about 75,000 sq km in the Indian peninsular, with an average width of 220 km in the north and 100 km in the south. They extend over a length of 1750 km between the rivers of Mahanadi and Vaigai along the East Coast of India across the states of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The largest single sector—the remnant of an old mountain range that eroded and subsequently rejuvenated — is found in the Dandakaranya region between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers. This narrow range has a central ridge, the highest peak of which is Arma Konda (1818 m) in Andhra Pradesh. The hills become more subdued farther southwest, where they are traversed by the Godavari River through a gorge 40 miles long. Still farther southwest, beyond the Krishna River, the Eastern Ghats appear as a series of low ranges, including the Erramala, Nallamala, Velikonda, and Palkonda. Southwest of the city of Madras, the Eastern Ghats continue as the Javadi and Shevaroy hills, beyond which they merge with the Western Ghats (Legris and Mohr-Homji, 1982).

Fig III.3: Vegetation Map of India with Eastern Ghats delineated in brown colour

The region falls under tropical monsoon climate receiving rainfall from both south-west monsoon and north-east retreating monsoon. In the northern part the rainfall ranges from 120 cm to 160 cm whereas in the central and southern parts, it is 60 cm and 100 cm respectively exhibiting semi-arid climate except in the hilly peaks. The mean temperature in January ranges between 20°C and 25°C indicating a north-south increasing trend. The maximum temperature can reach 41°C with an increasing trend from north to south.

1 Director, ATREE, Bangalore

2 Research Associate, ATREE, Bangalore

Eastern Ghats is a major source of water for drinking, for irrigation and for electricity generation. Major dams like Srisailam, Nagarjunasagar, Machkund, Sileru and dams have been constructed in this region.

The vegetation in the Eastern Ghats can be divided into Evergreen forests, Tropical semi-evergreen forests, Tropical Moist deciduous forests, Southern Tropical dry deciduous forests, Northern mixed Dry Deciduous Forests, Dry Savannah forests, Dry evergreen forest and Dry evergreen scrub

Eastern Ghats has rich floristic diversity, more than 2500 species of Angiosperms occur in this region which constitute about 13 percent of the flowering plants of India [flora of Orissa, (Saxena and Brahmam 1994); flora of Andhra Pradesh, (Pullaiah et al. 1997); flora of Tamil Nadu, (Nair and Henry 1983)]. A few systematic studies do exist, documenting groups of animal phylas especially the higher groups viz., mammals, birds or avifauna, the herpetofauna (or reptiles), fishes and the insect through organized comprehensive faunal explorations, especially during the mid-twentieth century. Whislerr & Kinnear (1930 to 1937), Mani (1986) Mishra (1930) and Pillai and Murthy (1983).

The loss of biodiversity due to the introduction of exotics is causing havoc to native biodiversity, habitat destruction and conversion by shifting cultivation, rapid industrialization and excessive exploitation of raw materials are some of the reasons for the disappearance of many plants and animals. Other than these, developmental projects like dam constructions and settlements around have submerged considerable part of the forests. Forest fire, cattle grazing, unscientific harvesting of NTFP’s, mining in the area are also responsible for biodiversity decline.

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Answer 3

The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India's eastern coast. The Eastern Ghats run from West Bengal state in the north, through Orissa and Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south. They are eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal. The Deccan Plateau lies to the west of the range, between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. The coastal plains lies between the eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats. As with the Western Ghats, these mountain ranges also have their local names, e.g. the Velikonda Range of Andhra Pradesh.

Answer 4

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Answer 5

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