How does water erosion affect Agriculture crops?

Question

How does water erosion affect Agriculture crops?

Answer 1

It make the crops salty.

Answer 2

The best soil is the top soil. Erosion (water or other) can remove  rich coil that took hundreds of years to acumulate in a matter of minuats

Answer 3

Soil erosion is a natural process. It becomes a problem when human activity causes it to occur much faster than under natural conditions.

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DID YOU KNOW

* Annual soil loss in South Africa is estimated at 300 - 400 million tonnes, nearly three tonnes for each hectare of land.

* Replacing the soil nutrients carried out to sea by our rivers each year, with fertilizer, would cost R1000 million.

* For every tonne of maize, wheat, sugar or other agricultural crop produced, South Africa loses an average of 20 tonnes of soil.

* The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation, a branch of United Nations) estimates that the global loss of productive land through erosion is 5-7 million ha/year.

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CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION

Wind and water are the main agents of soil erosion. The amount of soil they can carry away is influenced by two related factors:

* speed - the faster either moves, the more soil it can erode;

* plant cover - plants protect the soil and in their absence wind and water can do much more damage.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS

Plants provide protective cover on the land and prevent soil erosion for the following reasons:

* plants slow down water as it flows over the land (runoff) and this allows much of the rain to soak into the ground;

* plant roots hold the soil in position and prevent it from being washed away;

* plants break the impact of a raindrop before it hits the soil, thus reducing its ability to erode;

* plants in wetlands and on the banks of rivers are of particular importance as they slow down the flow of the water and their roots bind the soil, thus preventing erosion.

The loss of protective vegetation through deforestation (see Enviro Facts "Deforestation"), over-grazing, ploughing, and fire makes soil vulnerable to being swept away by wind and water. In addition, over-cultivation and compaction cause the soil to lose its structure and cohesion and it becomes more easily eroded. Erosion will remove the top-soil first. Once this nutrient-rich layer of soil is gone, few plants will grow in the soil again. Without soil and plants the land becomes desert-like and unable to support life - this process is called desertification (see Enviro Facts "Desertification"). It is very difficult and often impossible to restore desertified land.

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POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND SOIL EROSION To understand soil erosion we must be aware of the political and economic factors affecting land users.

In South Africa apartheid policies ensured that 42% of the people lived on 13 % of the land (the "homelands"). This overcrowding has resulted in severe erosion. As the land became increasingly degraded and thus less productive, subsistence farmers were forced to further overuse the land. The intensive agriculture and overgrazing that followed caused greater degradation. Soil erosion can be seen as both a symptom of underdevelopment (i.e. poverty, inequality and exploitation), and as a cause of underdevelopment. A reduced ability to produce, invest one's profit and increase productivity, contributes to increasing poverty, and can lead to desertification, drought, floods, and famine.

On commercial farm lands, overstocking, mono-cropping, and the ploughing of marginal lands unsuitable for cultivation has led to soil erosion and desertification. Frequently these practices have been unwittingly encouraged by the state offering subsidies which made it profitable to exploit the land in the short-term.

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PREVENTING SOIL EROSION Preventing soil erosion requires political, economic and technical changes.

Political and economic changes need to address the distribution of land in South Africa as well as the possibility of incentives to encourage farmers to manage their land sustainably.

Aspects of technical changes include:

* the use of contour ploughing and wind breaks;

* leaving unploughed grass strips between ploughed land;

* making sure that there are always plants growing on the soil, and that the soil is rich in humus (decaying plant and animal remains). This organic matter is the "glue" that binds the soil particles together and plays an important part in preventing erosion;

* avoiding overgrazing and the over-use of crop lands;

* allowing indigenous plants to grow along the river banks instead of ploughing and planting crops right up to the water's edge;

* encouraging biological diversity by planting several different types of plants together;

* conservation of wetlands (see Enviro Facts "Wetlands" and "River Catchments").

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WHAT CAN YOU DO

In addition to the guidelines above, try the following:

* Pathways can be easily eroded when water flows over them. Prevent this by breaking the water flow with logs, stone packs or old tyres.

* Become a `Donga Doctor' and repair erosion gullies (see "Soil is Wealth" below).

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FURTHER READING

RESTORING THE LAND: ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA. M. Ramphele and C. McDowell (eds). Panos, London, 1991.

NEW GROUND. A magazine published by the Environmental and Development Agency, address below.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENVIRONMENTS INTO THE 21ST CENTURY. B. Huntley, C. Sunter and R. Siegfried. Human, Rousseau & Tafelberg, Cape Town, 1990.

YOUR HEART YOUR PLANET: SOUTH AFRICAN EDITION. H. Diamond. Eartheart Publications, Cape Town, 1990.

BACK TO EARTH. J. Clarke. Southern Books, Johannesburg, 1992.

SOIL IS WEALTH. KwaZulu Dept. Nature Conservation, address below.

Enviro Facts: Desertification, Deforestation, River Catchments, Wetlands, Estuaries, Soil, Compost.

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USEFUL CONTACTS

Share-Net. PO Box 394, Howick, 3290. Tel. [phone].

Environmental and Development Agency. PO Box 322, Newtown, 2113. Tel. [phone]

The Valley Trust. PO Box 33, Botha's Hill, 3660. Tel. [phone].

The Farmers Support Group. University of Natal, PO Box 375, Pietermaritzburg, 3200. Tel. [phone].

KwaZulu Dept. Nature Conservation. Head Office, P/Bag X98, Ulundi, 3838. Tel. [phone].

Answer 4

during water erosion crops are removed or distroyed if the area which they are planted get affect by the erosion. also, the soil together with its nutrients and organic matter is washed away leaving the surviving crops with little or no nutrients for growth and development.

Answer 5

Water erosion can destroy your crops if not controlled. More importantly, it can destroy your land as well. It can take years of good conservation to get your soil back into production.

Answer 6

Erosion, water and wind, carries soil away and disturbs the crop, seed, small and the large plant. Organics are carried into the water system or blown long distance, leaving the larger inert mineral sands and gravels. Effect is reduced crops both planted and future. The water born erosion also can carry off any chemical amendments and displace them but not to the extend of organic light weight materials. This is one reason why mulching is a good idea. It stops wind erosion and drying conditions that make organic components susceptible to wind borne displacement. With water, irrigation as well as rains, mulches break up water and absorb the energy that displaces soil and carries it off. Mulches knit themselves together somewhat and keep surface flow, like the small rivulet's, stable and allow the water to sink down without pooling to the point of run-off. Then the water is maintained by soil capillary action and the soil solution that your little plants, and big uns' too, need to live is maintained and protected from evaporation. I think that covers all the major points.

Answer 7

If you have land that's hilly the topsoil run down into the ditches. Witch causes the Vally to be very fertile and the tops to be laking enough nutrition to support much of a crop.

Flat land doesn't have as much of this problem and tend to be moor evenly fertile, but it also tends to flood if too much rain falls.

In the hilly regions if you get a flash flood you can develop deep ruts in the field which can cause problems when harvest time comes. It is moor likely to happen in loose soil that doesn't have very developed plants growing, and where they heavily till the soil. That's where the no-till program comes in. The government pays the farmer to not plow there fielded and use specialized equipment to plant the seed after the old crop has either been knocked down or burned.

Answer 8

Because in windy places like New Mexico they have to spray the ground to keep it there and to water the crops of course. And sometimes it just a dought or wind or overwatering that could cause the erosion.

Answer 9

Erosion washes away upper layer of soil which is rich in soil nutrients and organic matter necessary for withstand and growth of crops. It is the upper layer of about 10 inches which hold the roots of crops and from where plants draw nutrients and water for growth.