How genetic engineering is done?

Question

I have heard recently about scientists adding genetic material from one species to another, I was wondering how that is done. How do they transfer the genes from one living thing to another? I am interested is hearing about plants, and animals.

Answer 1

eg to produce human insulin from bacterial cells:

1.The section of DNA (gene) for production of human insulin is located and cut from human chromosome using a specific endonuclease enzyme.

2.Bacterial cell containing a small extra ring section of DNA is chosen.

3. The plasmid is removed from the bacterial cell and cut open using the same endonuclease as in 1. This is to ensure that the DNA bases on the cut ends of the plasmid will match those of the DNA of the human gene.

4. The insulin gene is inserted in the plasmid and bound in place using a ligase enzyme.

5. The modified plasmid is replaced into the bacterial cell and it is allowed to grow in a nutrient medium. The bacterium reproduces by mitosis and makes multiple copies of the human gene . The bacterium carries out protein synthesis and makes the human protein in lage quantities.

6. The bacterial cells are harvested and the insulin is purified for use with diabetic patients.

Hope this helps!

Answer 2

hi  there! i am giving u just a overview. suppose species X is having a property which u want to transfer to another. so u just locate the sequence of DNA which is responsible for that property using mutations. Then using various endo nuclease enzymes u cut the sequence and then using the same enzyme u cut the DNA of the organism in which u want to transfer the DNA & then using DNA ligase enzyme the two DNA are joined together. this is just a overview there are n number variations and techniques possible for this

Answer 3

are you kidding me?  do your own research lazy ***.  ever heard of wikipedia?