I have been asked to do a project on first aid for fractures,poisining,cuts and burns,,heat and cold waves..

Question

the content shared should be supported with adequeate pictures.choose awareness campaign strategy for either senior citizen or illiterate peopleand write a brief up-GAYATHRI -10th-cbse

Answer 1

hey even i have de same project in D.M n i am also searching 4 it i have got some informations if u want u can have it...

FRACTURES

Any bone which gets broken with or without displacement of broken Fragments.

Identification / look out for:

• Very intense pain increasing on movement of affected area.

• Bruising may or may not be there

• Swelling  

• Injured area looks abnormal as compared to opposite side

• Difficulty in moving the injured area.

• Shock

• Unconsciousness may temporarily be there.

What to do:

1. Immobilisation of the affected area is required - Get Help!

2. Keep the patient still and support the injured area.

3. For arm fractures a sling can be made to support and immobilise the affected area, which can be hung around the neck using triangular bandage or cloth.

4. Splints (any long firm object) can be used for support and

immobilisation,but usually splinting to another part of the body is best.

5. In case of leg fractures the patient's both legs can be tied together.

Open fractures - control the bleeding with sterile dressing and pressure if required.

Do not:

1. Give massage to affected area

2. Try to straighten the broken limb

3. Move the patient without support

4. Ask the patient to move on his own

5. Move the joints above and below the fracture.

Remember  

Keep RICE in mind, as a first aid treatment for all fractures, sprains and dislocations. RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.  

Rest

Give plenty of rest to the immobilsed limb. Move it as little as possible so that there is no strain.  

Ice  

Apply ice to the injured area. No heat treatment or massage should be given. Use an ice pack or wrap up some ice cubes in a damp towel and apply it to the injured area. You could also use anything frozen such as a packet of frozen peas.  

Do not massage the injured area, and don't apply any ointments like Iodex.  

Compression

Wrap up the injured area with a crepe bandage if possible, or use any clean, fresh cloth available. Wrap it as tight as is comfortable. However, ask the doctor before bandaging the area. This will relieve the pain somewhat.  

Elevation

The injured limb should preferably be raised above the level of the heart. This could be done with the help of a pillow while sleeping.  

  

What is fracture?

• A broken or cracked bone

• Occurs when pressure is applied to bone  

• Occurs with / without displacement of bone fragments

Types

• Open fracture: Skin breaks causing open wound

• Closed fracture: Skin not broken  

• Complicated fractures: Damage of adjacent organs

• Stress fracture: Hairline crack due to repeated stress

• Greenstick fracture: In children's flexible bones

Symptoms

• Severe pain  

• Difficulty in movement

• Swelling/ bruising / bleeding  

• Deformity / abnormal twist of limb

• Tenderness on applying pressure

First-aid

• Depends on type & location of fracture

For open fractures

• Control bleeding before treatment

• Rinse and dress the wound

For open / closed fractures

• Check the breathing  

• Calm the person  

• Examine for other injuries

• Immobilize the broken wound  

• Apply ice to reduce pain / swelling

• Consult a doctor  

DO NOT

• Massage the affected area

• Straighten the broken bone  

• Move without support to broken bone

• Move joints above / below the fracture

• Give oral liquids / food

Prevention

• Wear protective pads / helmets when driving

• Teach children / practice, safe habits

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POISONING

Poisoning Symptoms

Each chemical family attacks the human body in a different way. General poisoning symptoms include the following.

Mild Poisoning

Headache, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, restlessness, perspiration, nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, loss of weight, thirst, moodiness, soreness in joints, skin irritation, eye irritation.

Moderate Poisoning

Severe nausea, severe diarrhea, excessive saliva, stomach cramps, excessive perspiration, trembling, no muscle coordination and muscle twitches, extreme weakness, mental confusion, blurred vision, difficulty in breathing, cough, rapid pulse, flushed or yellow skin, weepy eyes.

Severe Poisonings

Fever, intense thirst, increased rate of breathing, uncontrollable muscle twitches, pinpoint pupils, convulsions, inability to breathe, unconsciousness.

Before calling for help, treat the following situations as suggested.

Poisons in the Eye

Eye membranes absorb chemicals quickly. This can lead to eye damage within minutes. Flood the eye with lukewarm (never hot) water poured from a large glass two or three inches from the eye. Continue for 15 minutes. Blink the eye as much as possible during the flooding. Do not force the eyelid open and do not allow the eyes to be rubbed.

If lukewarm water is not available, rinse the eye quickly using a gentle stream from a hose for at least 15 minutes.

Poisons on the Skin

If poisons come in contact with the skin, they must be removed as quickly as possible. Remove contaminated clothing and flood the skin area with water for 10 minutes. Then gently wash the skin area with soap and water and rinse. Later, destroy contaminated clothing.

For a chemical skin burn, rinse the area with lots of water, remove the clothes and cover with a soft, clean cloth. Do not apply grease or ointments.

Inhaled Poisons

Inhaled poisons are very serious because of the damage that can be done to the lungs and other tissues of the body. Minimize your risk of exposure, and immediately get the person to fresh air. Loosen the victim’s clothing. Send someone for help as quickly as possible. If the victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration and continue it until the victim is breathing or help arrives. Open the doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned by the fumes.

Swallowed Poisons

Many different poisons can be swallowed. Look into the victim’s mouth and remove all tablets, powder, or any material that may be present. Examine the mouth for cuts, burns, swelling, unusual coloring or odor. Rinse and wipe out the mouth with a cloth. If the person is awake and able to swallow, give one-half glassful of water.

How to Induce Vomiting

The most important item to have in your home when poisoning occurs is Ipecac syrup, but never use it without the advice of the Poison Control Center or a physician. Ipecac is a plant extract that induces vomiting when swallowed. Vomiting is one way to remove the poison from the stomach, but your physician or the Poison control Center may not always recommend using Ipecac syrup. Do not use Ipecac without the advice of a physician or the Poison Control Center. Remember, never induce vomiting unless instructed to do so. This is especially important if the patient has swallowed petroleum products such as gasoline, cleaning fluids or lighter fluids. Never induce vomiting if the patient is drowsy or unconscious, is having convulsions, or has swallowed a strong corrosive such as drain cleaners, electric dishwasher detergent or acids. In this last case, give liquids only. Antidotes recommended on many product labels may be outdated or incorrect so never rely on them. In addition, salt water, mustard water and many other home remedies are ineffective and may be dangerous. Do not use them. Always consult a physician or the Poison Control Center before inducing vomiting.

Definition    

Poisoning is caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing in, or otherwise being exposed to a harmful substance. Most poisonings occur by accident.

In a poisoning emergency, immediate first aid is very important. The first aid you give before getting medical help can save a person's life.

Causes    Return to top

Items that can cause poisoning include:

• Medicines (such as an aspirin overdose)

• Household detergents and cleaning products

• Carbon monoxide gas (from furnaces, gas engines, fires, space heaters)

• Household plants (eating toxic plants)

• Paints (swallowing or breathing in fumes)

• Insecticides

• Illicit drug overdose (accidental or intentional)

• Chemicals in the workplace

• Certain foods (see:Food poisoning)

Symptoms    Return to top

Symptoms vary according to the poison, but may include:

• Abdominal pain

• Bluish lips

• Chest pain

• Confusion

• Cough

• Diarrhea

• Difficulty breathing

• Dizziness

• Double vision

• Drowsiness

• Fever

• Headache

• Heart palpitations

• Irritability

• Loss of appetite

• Loss of bladder control

• Muscle twitching

• Nausea and vomiting

• Numbness or tingling

• Seizures

• Shortness of breath

• Skin rash or burns

• Stupor

• Unconsciousness

• Unusual breath odor

• Weakness

DO NOT    Return to top

• DO NOT give an unconscious victim anything by mouth.

• DO NOT induce vomiting unless you are told to do so by the Poison Control Center or a doctor. A strong poison that burns on the way down the throat will also do damage on the way back up.

• DO NOT try to neutralize the poison with lemon juice or vinegar, or any other substance, unless you are told to do so by the Poison Control Center or a doctor.

• DO NOT use any "cure-all" type antidote.

• DO NOT wait for symptoms to develop if you suspect that someone has been poisoned.

What is a Poison?



A poison, or toxin, is a substance that can cause temporary or permanent damage if taken into the body in sufficient quantity.  A poison may be swallowed, inhaled, injected, instilled at the eye, or absorbed through the skin.  Once introduced into the body, a poison can quickly be carried to all the tissues via the bloodstream.  Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the poison and its method of entry.  Vomiting is common to many cases, with the attendant risk of inhalation of the stomach contents.

CUTS N BURNS

Cuts:

Cuts require immediate professional attention if:

- There is severe bleeding, especially arterial wounds, which literally pump blood from the body.

- Puncture wounds, such as those caused by a rusty nail or animal bite. These will require a

tetanus booster shot.

- Cuts more than one half inch long and one quarter inch deep, which will require stitches.

To treat any cuts, first stop the bleeding and then treat to prevent infection. Place a sterile gauze (or if you do not have any gauze, a clean cloth) over the wound and hold it until the bleeding stops. Apply pressure continuously. If the gauze or cloth soaks through, simply place another cloth over the first and resume the pressure. When the bleeding has stopped, wash the cut with soap and water, followed by a disinfectant. If the bleeding does not stop, get professional treatment. After the cut is clean, look for any foreign object(s) in the cut and remove them. If you do not, a threatening infection may set in. To aid in keeping the wound clean while it heals, you can cover it with a bandage. However, if you use a bandage, remember it will need attention too. Change it twice daily and use an antibiotic cream to prevent further infection. Keep in mind that wounds exposed to air heal faster. But it is also very important to keep a wound clean and dry to prevent infection.

Treatment for a scrape is the same, except you do not have to worry about stopping blood flow as there is very little.

Burns:

Burns are classified as first, second, or third degree. A first degree burn causes redness. Blistering is caused by a second degree burn. Charred, blackened or blanched skin are signs of a third degree burn. Furthermore, burns can be caused by heat (thermal burns) or by contact with chemicals. Seek professional, medical treatment for:

- All third degree burns.

- Second degree burns involving more than one fifth of the body or if the burn has

affected the face, hands, feet, or genitalia.

First aid treatment for a burn involves relief of pain, infection prevention and treatment or prevention of shock. If a burn begins to blister, cool it by placing your hand or foot in cold, still (not running) water. You will need to use an ice pack on any other part of the body. Gently clean the burn and cover the area with a sterile, non-stick gauze. Change the dressing twice a day. Never puncture a blister. This just opens the door for infection. Never use butter, oils, or petroleum jelly on burns.

If the burn is due to a chemical exposure, flush the burned area with running water for at least 15 minutes. While you flush, remove any contaminated clothing, especially clothing in the area of the burn. Check the first aid instructions for the chemical. These are found on the container and/or Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Treat as specified. Cover the burn with a clean dressing and call a doctor.

If a third degree burn is involved, get professional medical treatment quickly. Call an ambulance first. While awaiting professional help, make sure any fire is out and/or remove the victim from the burn source. DO NOT REMOVE ANY CLOTHING OR APPLY ANY DRESSINGS. Treat for shock and make sure the victim is still breathing.

Use common sense in all situations. Maintain a well stocked first aid kit and be familiar with first aid procedures. Being knowledgeable and prepared may be the smartest first step of all.

I DID NOT GET ALL DE TOPICS BUT WAT I HAD GOT U CAN TAKE IT N TAKE MAIN POINTS FROM IT OK ... GUD LUCK

Answer 2

you can look in for the facts in wikipedia. for pictures u can buy charts displaying first aid methods.they r available. rather u can draw them if you r good at it.