Most of the surface of the ocean is deficient in the nutrient iron. Adding small amounts of iron as fertilizer results in vigorous growth of phytoplankton, small plants. Iron fertilization as a mechanism to sequester carbon has been proposed as a solution to global warming, but has been vigorously opposed by certain scientists and environmentalists. See http://carbonsequestration.blogspot.com/ There is some evidence that iron fertilization works too well, and would itself be a major ecological shock with unknown consequences if applied widely. However, it seems to be a relatively effective and economical method to substantially reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Part of the question is how to answer the question, that is, what research is necessary and appropriate in order to determine if iron fertilizer could be used on a wide scale.
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