Is there a limitation of observation of celestial body even thou science can provide much larger telescope?

Question

the telescope that i mean is the optical telescope,For im wondering if there is an boundery of observation to the space, for if there is then maybe there is some of the theory were wrong....

Answer 1

yes about 13.4 billion light years

before that thier was nothing

Answer 2

One limitation is the speed of light.  Since the universe is around 14 billion years old, any object that is further than that cannot be seen, even with telescopes the size of the solar system (wow!).  Simply because the light from such objects would not have had time to get here.

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Another limitation is the expansion (and the resulting "cosmological" redshift).  The further an object is (and the further in the past it was when it emitted the light), the more the wavelength was stretched on the way here.  Light that left the object as visible light is stretched to infrared or microwave by the time it gets here.

There could be a point where we run out of events that create photons of short enough wavelengths, so that they have been stretched to visible light by the time they get here.

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A third limitation is explained by relativity.  Because the cosmological expansion is perceived as a recession speed, the time flow will appears much slower.

Distant galaxies should already appear dimmer because they are distant  (the inverse square law -- twice as far, four times dimmer; three times as far, nine times dimmer).  In addition, if the events that produce photons appear to run slower, then less light will be seen as emitted.

If a certain process (say, electrons returning to level 2 in hydrogen atoms) produces 1 million photons per second per cubic metre around here, that will have a certain brightness.

The same process in a galaxy that is receding from us at 5/6 the speed of light will produce only half as many photons per second (from our frame of reference) and, at that distance, will appear much fainter still, because of the distance.

The overall effect is closer to an inverse "fourth power" law.  A galaxy that is twice as far (as another identical one) will appear  16 times fainter;  three times further means 81 times fainter.

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A fourth limitation is resolution.  In visible light, this is given by the Dawes limit:  A = 116/D

where A is the smallest angle that can be resolved with the telescope, and D is the diameter of the telescopes aperture (or the distance between the telescopes in an interferometer).

In theory, one could make telescopes bigger and bigger and achieve whatever resolution one wants.  In practice, we'd meet two barriers:  

one) matter is always moving: atoms are not fixed in position, they jiggle around a mean position.  Electrons (which are not even real objects, but rather waves in this context) are the particles that "bounce" the photons that hit the mirror.  They themselves are moving around, and following the jiggling atoms around which they orbit.  They are bouncing photons that were emitted by the electrons around jiggling atoms at the source.  The brighter the light usually mean the hotter the source, which usually means lots of jiggling.

two) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: the more accurate you determine the position of something, the less accurate you can determine the rest of the information.

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Fifth limitation:  if you put this telescope on Earth, then the atmosphere will play havoc with resolution.  There is only so much that adaptive optics can do.

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Then you get into money limitations...

Answer 3

One can, in principal, always make a telescope with a bigger aperture, and one can always make more observations.  Both of these acts can give you more resolution to see finer detail.  As you get bigger, the project gets more expensive.  But, for example, two Hubble Space Telescopes in solar orbit on nearly opposite sides of the Sun could be combined with interferometry to give you a telescope with an effective size of 200,000,000 miles or so.  Larger with a bigger orbit.  Expensive, but currently possible.

As the Universe expands, everything moves away from everything else.  The farther away two things are, the faster they move away from each other.  The Visible Universe is the portion of the Universe where objects are close enough to each other that they aren't moving away from each other faster than the speed of light.  The cosmic microwave background radiation comes to us from just this side of that point. This is light that was visible light, but whose wavelengths have been stretched to moderately long radio frequencies.

Answer 4

We can only see 13.7 billion lightyears away---that's our relativistic event horizon.

Answer 5

This is like asking if the universe is bounded. We only suspect it is infinite through relativity... there are billions of objects that have not been seen out there simply  because the light they emitted was not in direct path to our galaxy or they just don't emmit light waves (perhaps other types other than heat).