No.1 Who asked for sanctions against S.A. during apartheid?

Question

3 questions

Answer 1

Uncle Bob Moo-gabe?

Answer 2

SANCTIONS AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA (1986)

Dutch settlers, known as Boers, arrived in southern Africa in the seventeenth century, and the British came two hundred years later. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the British conquered the Dutch, and brought the four colonies of Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Cape Colony and Natal into the Union of South Africa in 1910.

By then, all the black Africans in the area had come under white rule, and they faced the usual restrictions imposed by imperial powers on native peoples. But a specific policy of racial separation, known as apartheid, did not begin until 1948, when the strongly nationalist Afrikaners took power under D.F. Malan. In the ensuing years the government passed a number of laws that required blacks to live in designated areas and carry identification papers, and which denied them basic civil liberties and rights.

The United States, like most of the European countries, had paid little attention to apartheid at the time of its inception; moreover, its underlying philosophy was similar to the segregation imposed by law in the southern states. With the rise of the civil rights movement in the United States and the revolt against colonial rule in Asia and Africa, voices were raised within the United States and in the United Nations against apartheid.

Within South Africa the African National Congress, headed by Nelson Mandela, led the opposition to the government's racial policies. Many of the ANC leaders, including Mandela, spent many years in jail.

In the 1970s the South African government began easing some of its racial restrictions, but the pace did not satisfy the ANC, and wide-scale violence committed by extremists on both sides took hundreds of lives. Even though the government of P.W. Botha seemed committed to ending apartheid, opponents of the system demanded more reforms and at a faster pace.

The charismatic Anglican bishop, Desmond Tutu, rallied western support with his call for a boycott of South Africa, primarily through economic sanctions. The administration of Ronald Reagan opposed formal sanctions, preferring to exert quiet pressure to speed up reform. But the demand for sanctions could not be quieted, and in 1986 Congress overrode a presidential veto to ban the importation of South African goods and prohibit American business investments in South Africa.

While some critics believe the sanctions were more symbolic than anything else, others claim that they did contribute to rapid political change in South Africa. In 1990 President

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F.W. de Klerk released Nelson Mandela after twenty-seven years of imprisonment, opened negotiations with the ANC and scrapped most of the apartheid laws. In 1992 a strong majority of the country's white population voted to endorse de Klerk's dismantling of apartheid and the extension of political rights to the black majority. When this happened, President Bush lifted the economic sanctions, claiming that the purpose of the bill had been successfully carried out.

For further reading: Margaret P. Doxey, Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement (1980); Richard A. Falk, Samuel S. Kim and Saul H. Mendlovitz, eds., The United Nations and a Just World Order (1991).

SANCTIONS AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA

Title I -- Policy of the United States with Respect to Ending Apartheid

Policy Toward the Government of South Africa

Sec. 101. (a) United States policy toward the Government of South Africa shall be designed to bring about reforms in that system of government that will lead to the establishment of a nonracial democracy.

(b) The United States will work toward this goal by encouraging the Government of South Africa to --

(1) repeal the present state of emergency and respect the principle of equal justice under law for citizens of all races

(2) release Nelson Mandela, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu black trade union leaders, and all political prisoners;

(3) permit the free exercise by South Africans of all races of the right to form political parties, express political opinions, and otherwise participate in the political process;

(4) establish a timetable for the elimination of apartheid laws

(5) negotiate with representatives of all racial groups in South Africa the future political system in South Africa, and

(6) end military and paramilitary activities aimed at neighboring states.

(c) The United States will encourage the actions set forth in subsection (b) through economic, political, and diplomatic measures as set forth in this Act. The United States will adjust its actions toward the Government of South Africa to reflect the progress or

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lack of progress made by the Government of South Africa in meeting the goal set forth in subsection (a).

Policy Toward the African National Congress, etc.

Sec 102. (a) United States policy toward the African National Congress, the Pan African Congress, and their affiliates shall be designed to bring about a suspension of violence that will lead to the start of negotiations designed to bring about a nonracial and genuine democracy in South Africa.

(b) The United States shall work toward this goal by encouraging the African National Congress and the Pan African Congress, and their affiliates, to --

(1) suspend terrorist activities so that negotiations with the Government of South Africa and other groups representing black South Africans will be possible;

(2) make known their commitment to a free and democratic post-apartheid South Africa --

(3) agree to enter into negotiations with the South African Government and other groups representing black South Africans for the peaceful solution of the problems of South Africa --

(4) reexamine their ties to the South African Communist Party.

(c) The United States will encourage the actions set forth in subsection (b) through political and diplomatic measures. The United States will adjust its actions toward the Government of South Africa not only to reflect progress or lack of progress made by the Government of South Africa in meeting the goal set forth in subsection 101(a) but also to reflect progress or lack of progress made by the ANC and other organizations in meeting the goal set forth in subsection (a) of this section.

Policy Toward the Victims of Apartheid

Sec 103. (a) The United States policy toward the victims of apartheid is to use economic, political, diplomatic, and other effective means to achieve the removal of the root cause of their victimization, which is the apartheid system. In anticipation of the removal of the system of apartheid and as a further means of challenging that system, it is the policy of the United States to assist these victims of apartheid as individuals and through organizations to overcome the handicaps imposed on them by the system of apartheid and to help prepare them for their rightful roles as full participants in the political, social, economic, and intellectual life of their country in the post-apartheid South Africa envisioned by this Act.

(b) The United States will work toward the purposes of subsection (a) by --

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(1) providing assistance to South African victims of apartheid without discrimination by race, color, s*x, religious belief, or political orientation, to take advantage of educational opportunities in South Africa and in the United States to prepare for leadership positions in a post-apartheid South Africa;

(2) assisting victims of apartheid;

(3) aiding individuals or groups in South Africa whose goals are to aid victims of apartheid or foster nonviolent legal or political challenges to the apartheid laws;

(4) furnishing direct financial assistance to those whose nonviolent activities had led to their arrest or detention by the South African authorities and (B) to the families of those killed by terrorist acts such as "necklacings";

(5) intervening at the highest political levels in South Africa to express the strong desire of the United States to see the development in South Africa of a nonracial democratic society;

(6) supporting the rights of the victims of apartheid through political, economic, or other sanctions in the event the Government of South Africa fails to make progress toward the removal of the apartheid laws and the establishment of such democracy; and

(7) supporting the rights of all Africans to be free of terrorist attacks by setting a time limit after which the United States will pursue diplomatic and political measures against those promoting terrorism and against those countries harboring such groups so as to achieve the objectives of this Act.

Policy Toward Other Countries in South Africa

Sec 104. (a) The United States policy toward the other countries in the Southern African region shall be designed to encourage democratic forms of government, full respect for human rights, an end to cross-border terrorism, political independence, and economic development.

(b) The United States will work toward the purposes of subsection (a) by --

(1) helping to secure the independence of Namibia and the establishment of Namibia as a nonracial democracy in accordance with appropriate United Nations Security Council resolutions;

(2) supporting the removal of all foreign military forces from the region;

(3) encouraging the nations of the region to settle differences through peaceful means;

(4) promoting economic development through bilateral and multilateral economic assistance targeted at increasing opportunities in the productive sectors of national

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economies, with a particular emphasis on increasing opportunities for nongovernmental economic activities;

(5) encouraging, and when necessary, strongly demanding, that all countries of the region respect the human rights of their citizens and noncitizens residing in the country, and especially the release of persons persecuted for their political beliefs or detained without trial;

(6) encouraging, and when necessary, strongly demanding that all countries of the r

Answer 3

Short and sweet it was i am sure the Anc that called for sanctions.