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Question

Please Answer As Many Of These As You Can If Not All.

I Have Looked EVERYWHERE!

How Does Climate Influence Natural Selection?

How Does Over Population Influence Natural Selection?

How Do Mutations Influence Natural Selections?

How Does Recombination Of Genes Influence Natrual Selection?

How Does Pollution Influence Natural Selection?

Thaaankkk Youuuu!!!

Answer 1

study from now on

"everythings in the book"

Answer 2

Natural Selection means the weakest, poorest, least able of the species do not survive or are weeded out.

Thus, climate, over populations = more pool to select from, mutations = stronger, pollution = kills the weak, promote NATURAL SELECTION of the best strains.

Only one I"m not sure of is Recombination of Genes - but I guess that might be the dominant genes recombine instead of the recessive or weaker genes in the pool.

Answer 3

I got the info for you just refine and you'll get the answers.



Biology Portal · v • d • e  

Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common. Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, such that individuals with favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less favorable phenotypes. The phenotype's genetic basis, genotype associated with the favorable phenotype, will increase in frequency over the following generations. Over time, this process can result in adaptations that specialize organisms for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the emergence of new species. In other words, natural selection is the mechanism by which evolution may take place in a population of a specific organism.

Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The term was introduced by Charles Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book The Origin of Species[1] in which natural selection was described by analogy to artificial selection, a process by which animals with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of inheritance; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. Although Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, was a contemporary of Darwin's, his work would lie in obscurity until the early 20th century. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Although other mechanisms of molecular evolution, such as the neutral theory advanced by Motoo Kimura, have been identified as important causes of genetic diversity, natural selection remains the single primary explanation for adaptive evolution.

Contents [hide]

1 General principles

1.1 Nomenclature and usage

1.2 Fitness

1.3 Types of selection

1.4 Sexual selection

2 An example: antibiotic resistance

3 Genetical theory of natural selection

3.1 Directionality of selection

3.2 Selection and genetic variation

3.2.1 Mutation selection balance

3.2.2 Genetic linkage

4 Evolution by means of natural selection

4.1 Speciation

5 Historical development

5.1 Pre-Darwinian theories

5.2 Darwin's hypothesis

5.3 Modern evolutionary synthesis

6 Impact of the idea

6.1 Social and psychological theory

6.2 Information and systems theory

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links



[edit] General principles



Darwin's illustrations of beak variation in the finches of the Galápagos Islands, which hold 13 closely related species that differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. The beak of each species is suited to its preferred food, suggesting that beak shapes evolved by natural selection. See also character displacement, adaptive radiation, divergent evolution.See also: Genotype-phenotype distinction.

Natural selection acts on an organism's phenotype, or physical characteristics. Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives. Often, natural selection acts on specific traits of an individual, and the terms phenotype and genotype are used narrowly to indicate these specific traits.

When different organisms in a population possess different versions of a gene for a certain trait, each of these versions is known as an allele. It is this genetic variation that underlies phenotypic traits. A typical example is that certain combinations of genes for eye color in humans which, for instance, give rise to the phenotype of blue eyes. (On the other hand, when all the organisms in a population share the same allele for a particular trait, and this state is stable over time, the allele is said to be fixed in that population.)

Some traits are governed by only a single gene, but most traits are influenced by the interactions of many genes. A variation in one of the many genes that contributes to a trait may have only a small effect on the phenotype; together, these genes can produce a continuum of possible phenotypic values.[2]

[edit] Nomenclature and usage

The term "natural selection" has slightly different definitions in different contexts. In simple terms, "natural selection" is most often defined to operate on heritable traits, but can sometimes refer to the differential reproductive success of phenotypes regardless of whether those phenotypes are heritable. Natural selection is "blind" in the sense that individuals' level of reproductive success is a function of the phenotype and not of whether or to what extent that phenotype is heritable. Following Darwin's primary usage[1] the term is often used to refer to both the consequence of blind selection and to its mechanisms.[3][4] It is sometimes helpful to explicitly distinguish between selection's mechanisms and its effects; when this distinction is important, scientists define "natural selection" specifically as "those mechanisms that contribute to the selection of individuals that reproduce," without regard to whether the basis of the selection is heritable. This is sometimes referred to as 'phenotypic natural selection.'[5]

Traits that cause greater reproductive success of an organism are said to be selected for whereas those that reduce success are selected against. Selection for a trait may also result in the selection of other correlated traits that do not themselves directly influence fitness. This may occur as a result of pleiotropy or gene linkage.[6]

[edit] Fitness

Main article: Fitness (biology)

The concept of fitness is central to natural selection. However, as with Natural selection above, there is serious divergence of opinion over the precise meaning of the term, and Richard Dawkins manages in his later books to avoid it entirely. (He devotes a chapter of his The Extended Phenotype to discussing the various senses in which the term is used.) Although fitness is sometimes colloquially understood as a quality that promotes survival of a particular individual - as illustrated in the well-known phrase survival of the fittest - modern evolutionary theory defines fitness in terms of individual reproduction. The basis of this approach is: if an organism lives half as long as others of its species, but has twice as many offspring surviving to productive adulthood, its genes will become more common in the adult population of the next generation. This is known as differential reproduction.

Though natural selection acts on individuals, its average effect on all individuals with a particular genotype corresponds to the fitness of that genotype. Very low-fitness genotypes cause their bearers to have few or no offspring on average; examples include many human genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. Conditions like sickle-cell anemia may have low fitness in the general human population, but because it confers immunity from malaria, it has high fitness value in populations which have high malaria infection rates. Broadly speaking, an organism's fitness is a function of its alleles' fitnesses. Since fitness is an averaged quantity, however, it is possible a favorable mutation may arise in an individual that does not survive to adulthood for unrelated reasons.

[edit] Types of selection

Natural selection can act on any phenotypic trait, and selective pressure can be produced by any aspect of the environment, including mates and conspecifics, or members of the same species. However, this does not imply that natural selection is always directional and results in adaptive evolution; natural selection often results in the maintenance of the status quo by eliminating less fit variants.

The unit of selection can be the individual or it can be another level within the hierarchy of biological organisation, such as genes, cells, and kin groups. There is still debate about whether natural selection acts at the level of groups or species to produce adaptations that benefit a larger, non-kin group. Selection at a different level such as the gene can result in an increase in fitness for that gene, while at the same time reducing the fitness of the individuals carrying that gene, in a process called intragenomic conflict. Overall, the combined effect of all selection pressures at various levels determines the overall fitness of an individual, and hence the outcome of natural selection.



The life cycle of a sexually reproducing organism. Various components of natural selection are indicated for each life stage.[7]Natural selection occurs at every life stage of an individual. An individual organism must survive until adulthood before it can reproduce, and selection of those that reach this stage is called viability selection. In many species, adults must compete with each other for mates via sexual selection, and success in this competition determines who will parent the next generation. When individuals can reproduce more than once, a longer survival in the reproductive phase increases the number of offspring, called survival selection. The fecundity of both females and males (for example, giant sperm in certain species of Drosophila[8]) can be limited via fecundity selection. The viability of produced gametes can differ, while intragenomic conflicts such as meiotic drive between the haploid gametes can result in gametic or genic selection. Finally, the union of some combinations of eggs and sperm might be more compatible than others; this is termed compatibility selection.

[edit] Sexual selection

Main article: Sexual selection

Answer 4

Methinks somebody put off their homework until the last minute.

Answer 5

1) it influences in migration not all make it to a better place for them to be able to make a new generation

2)The food is one mayor one that causes the population to grow, more food more population, but if the food is less then what a population needs is when the population starts to decade

3) That is not very comon to be a factor in a change of a population. Becasue mutations are giving on long giving periods of time not in a short time, and im saying it has to pas long years and generations, and also the population has to be a small one for it to be exposed to mutation

4) That is a good one. Like for example in birds, there can be a bird male that will make other bird males to take care of the babes, so he does not have the problem to keep getting food for them, and as well female birds will want to have different partners so the gens get stronger and have more possibility to keep having a stronger generation

5) Again population grow will depend on food, if there is a good supply of food there is a grater chance to survived and be able to have a flourishing generation, and by having a lot of food competition with each other is almost null, as well with carnivores, there will be a good supply of food for all

I hope you understand what i was trying to say. :)

P.s. What MELANIE said at the end is true as well