Positive, Neutral, and negative effects of Mutations??? + 10?

Question

I need the following answer for science. "The positive, Neutral and negative effects of mutations" It must include the following examples; Bacteria and antibiotics....Insects and pesticides...and Plants and herbicides.

Any help would be great. I need it for Science. THANKS

10 points best answer!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Answer 1

Postive mutations occur when a change in the sequence of DNA of a gene produces a protein that is more functional then than the wildtype or un-mutated gene.  Positive mutations can also turn on genes beneficial to the organism or turn off genes that are harmful to the organism.  Positive mutations lead to the formation of new alleles.  You can mutate a piece of bacterial DNA that was "turned off" to turn it on- this can make it less suceptible or more susceptible to anti biotics.  It would be beneficial to the bacteria, but detrimental to us if we are trying to get rid of it.

Neutral mutations are mutations in DNA that ultimately don't significanlty hurt or benifit the final protein that is made.  Maybe a single amino acid was changed- this might not alter the protein function too much.

Negative affects of mutations can be deletions of DNA, insertions, or mismatched base pairs.  These are mutations that significantly harm the organism.  Sometimes these cause a vital gene to be turned off, deleted, or altered so that the protein is no longer functional.  This is harmful if it's a protein that's necessary for the function of the organism.  A lot of pesticides and herbicides target the species by blocking a protein from being made by altering (mutating) the DNA.  Some antibiotics work by blocking DNA synthesis or Protein synthesis in the bacteria, causing it to die.  If the bacteria mutates to no longer need the specific protein, then the antibiotic becomes useless.