What are some examples of experiments in cultural anthropology?

Question

What are some examples of experiments in cultural anthropology?

Answer 1

examples of older studies. look up zora neale hurston's work on collecting folk lore and black culture as did katherine dunham.

Answer 2

Flaked stone implements

The most important aspect of their research, and one they have carried further than other researchers, is experimental archeology. As a graduate student, Dr. Toth, 42, realized that to find out who was making the stone tools, he needed to understand how they were made. Building on the work of a few other lithic toolmakers, he began flaking stones and testing out the products. Dr. Schick soon joined in these efforts, which included butchering various animals, including a few elephants. (All had died of natural causes.)  From the experiments Dr. Toth developed an important hypothesis about Oldowan tools, the simple flaked stone implements that first appeared 2.5 million years ago and were named by Dr. Mary Leakey and Dr. Louis Leakey, the archeologists.   "The easy but now erroneous inference was that because of their different shapes, the cores were the tools," Dr. Schick said of these implements.  But in their experimental butcheries, Dr. Toth and Dr. Schick found that the small flakes struck from a core were much more effective in cutting than the core itself. With an obsidian flake they could slice through the one-inch-thick hide of an elephant. When the blade dulled, after about five minutes of work, they simply hammered on the core with a large stone to get another flake.  "When people think of stone they think 'primitive, not functional,' but you can't get anything sharper than a flake," Dr. Toth said.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.ht...

Studies Show the Value of Not Overthinking a Decision June 27, 2008; Page A9

Fishing in the stream of consciousness, researchers now can detect our intentions and predict our choices before we are aware of them ourselves. The brain, they have found, appears to make up its mind 10 seconds before we become conscious of a decision -- an eternity at the speed of thought.  Their findings challenge conventional notions of choice.

"We think our decisions are conscious," said neuroscientist John-Dylan Haynes at the Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience in Berlin, who is pioneering this research. "But these data show that consciousness is just the tip of the iceberg. This doesn't rule out free will, but it does make it implausible."

Through a series of intriguing experiments, scientists in Germany, Norway and the U.S. have analyzed the distinctive cerebral activity that foreshadows our choices. They have tracked telltale waves of change through the cells that orchestrate our memory, language, reason and self-awareness. In ways we are only beginning to understand, the synapses and neurons in the human nervous system work in concert to perceive the world around them, to learn from their perceptions, to remember important experiences, to plan ahead, and to decide and act on incomplete information. In a rudimentary way, they predetermine our choices.

To probe what happens in the brain during the moments before people sense they've reached a decision, Dr. Haynes and his colleagues ...tested seven men and seven women from 21 to 30 years old. They recorded neural changes associated with thoughts using a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine and analyzed the results

with an experimental pattern-recognition computer program.  While inside the brain scanner, the students watched random letters stream across a screen. Whenever they felt the urge, they pressed a button with their right hand or a button with their left hand. Then they marked down the letter that had been on the screen in the instant they had decided to press the button.  Studying the brain behavior leading up to the moment of conscious decision, the  researchers identified signals that let them know when the students had decided to move 10 seconds or so before the students knew it themselves. About 70% of the time, the researchers could also predict which button the students would push.

"It's quite eerie," said Dr. Haynes.

Other researchers have pursued the act of decision deeper into the subcurrents of the brain.  In experiments with laboratory animals reported this spring, Caltech neuroscientist Richard Anderson and his colleagues explored how the effort to plan a movement forces cells throughout the brain to work together, organizing a choice below the threshold of awareness. Tuning in on the electrical dialogue between working neurons, they pinpointed the cells of what they called a "free choice" brain circuit that in milliseconds synchronized scattered synapses to settle on a course of action.

"It suggests we are looking at this actual decision being made," Dr. Anderson said. "It is pretty fast."

Dutch researchers led by psychologist Ap Dijksterhuis at the University of Amsterdam recently found that people struggling to make relatively complicated consumer choices -- which car to buy, apartment to rent or vacation to take -- appeared to make sounder decisions when they were distracted and unable to focus consciously on the problem.  Moreover, the more factors to be considered in a decision, the more likely the unconscious brain handled it all better, they reported in the peer-reviewed journal Science in 2006. "The idea that conscious deliberation before making a decision is always good is simply one of those illusions consciousness creates for us," Dr. Dijksterhuis said.

Does this make our self-awareness just a second thought?

All this work to deconstruct the mental machinery of choice may be the best evidence of conscious free will. By measuring the brain's physical processes, the mind seeks to know itself through its reflection in the mirror of science.

"We are trying to understand who we are," said Antonio Damasio, director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California, "by studying the organ that allows you to understand who you are."

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