What are the exact components/ingredients of Paint?

Question

What is a film-forming agent that is used in paint?

What is a thickening agent that is used in paint?

What is an emulsion agent that is used in paint?

What is a deforming agent that is used in paint?

What is a preservative that is used in paint?

What is a dispersing agent that is used in paint?

Answer 1

It depends on the paint.  the paint you need depends on the use your are putting it to.

Some paints are petroleum based, some are water or alcohol based. There are others.

The pigments depend on the use, color, and finish (gloss, semi-gloss, flat, etc)

Your question is too "wide" to get a better answer.

Determine what kind of paint you are concerned with (house paint, car paint, hobby (model) paint, etc) Then contact the manufacturer.  They ALL have websites.