What are the gametes for the following genotypes?

Question

1. AABBCCDDEEffgg

2. HhIiJj

3. KKllmmNNOo

4. PpQQrrSStt

5. XYbbccDd

6. ZZGGBBLlXH XH (Small capital H next to the X's superscribed).

7. AaCCHHNNLLFfJJKK

8. MMRRSSPPOOCCKK

9. XHYFFGGJJKK (Small capital H next to the X superscribed).

10. XHXhBBEESSDD (Small capital H next to the X and the lower case h is superscriped next to the X by the B.) ex. like the th in 5 th.

Answer 1

Most of these are farily easy as long as you remember that one of each pair of letters has to go into each gamete.  I'm going to do them out of order so that the easier ones are first, and if there are more than one that are the same idea, I'll show you how to do one, and let you do the others (you'll probably need to be able to do this for a quiz or test anyway).

1. AABBCCDDEEffgg  - All the like letters are the same case - all "A"s are capitals, both "f" are lower case.  Since there are no differences, you can only get one possible combination for the genotype of any gamete :  ABCDEfg  #8 is done the same way (your teacher must be teaching some Vulcan genetics here)

3. KKllmmNNOo - all the letters are alike except one - the last letter has both a capital and lower case.  Here you'd get two possible combinations, one for each version of the "o":  KlmNO and KlmNo.  # 4 and # 6 are done the same way - #6 might just look more confusing since you have two of the female "X" with the superscript H for hemophilia (I'd type this as X^H - X with the superscript [^] H)

9. XHYFFGGJJKK - this is a lot like #3, 4, and 6, but it's the chromosome for gender that's the one that's different.  So your two combinations are X^HFGJK and YFGJK

10. XHXhBBEESSDD - and here the only difference is the superscript, but you'd still only have two possibilities:  X^HBESD and X^hBESD

Now for the harder ones with more than one letter being different.

7. AaCCHHNNLLFfJJKK - here you have two letters being different, the As and the Fs.  An easy way to figure out how many possible gametes you can get is to take the number of each type of chromosome (letter) and raise it to the power of the number of letters that are different.  Here you have 2 of each letter, and two letters with different cases, so you'll expect 2^2 (two to the second power or 2 x 2 = 4) combinations.  How to figure out what they are":

First, make both capital letters:  ACHNLFK

Second, only the first is capitalized: ACHNLfJK

Third, only the second is capitalized:  aCHNLFJK

And fourth, both are lower case:  aCHNLfJK

Number 5 is done the same way, you just have one "regular" chromosome (the Ds) and one chromosome that determines gender (X or Y).  But you still have 4 possibilities.

And maybe the most difficult, # 2 HhIiJj

.  Here you have 3 differences, so now you have 2^3 (2 x 2 x 2) possible combinations, so you need 8 different results.  I do this by starting with all caps, then changing the case of the last letter in each row, and the case of the next to the last letter every 2 rows, and the case of the third to the last letter every 4 rows (if you'd have more letters, just work from right to left, the changes happen every 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc. rows - just double the number of the letter before it):

HIJ

HIj

HiJ

Hij

hIJ

hIj

hiJ

hij

Hopefully you can follow how I did that.