What are the specific sociological concepts?

Question

What are the specific sociological concepts?

Answer 1

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BASIC CONCEPTS from Sociology

SOCIETY: humanly created organization or system of interrelationships that connects individuals in a common culture. All the products of human interaction, the experience of living with others around us. Humans create their interactions, and once created the products of those interactions have the ability or power to act back upon humans to determine or constrain action. Often, we experience society (humanly created organization) as something apart from the individuals and interactions that create it.

CULTURE: sets of traditions, rules, symbols that shape and are enacted as feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of groups of people. Referring primarily to learned behavior as distinct from that which is given by nature, or biology, culture has been used to designate everything that is humanly produced (habits, beliefs, arts, and artifacts) and passed from one generation to another. In this formulation, culture is distinguished from nature, and distinguishes one society from another.

LANGUAGE: a system of verbal symbols through which humans communicate ideas, feelings, experiences. Through language these can be accumulated and transmitted across generations. Language is not only a tool, or a means of expression, but it also structures and shapes our experiences of the world and what we see around us.

VALUES: preferences - ideas people share about what is good, bad, desirable, undesirable. These are usually very general, abstract, cut across variations in situations.

NORMS: concepts and behaviors that constitute the normal. Behavioral rules or standards for social interaction. These often derive from values but also contradict values; sometimes derives from statistical norms but often not. Serve as both guides and criticisms for individual behavior. Norms establish expectations that shape interaction.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: the arrangement of the parts that constitute society, the organization of social positions and distribution of people within those positions.

STATUS: socially defined niches, positions (student, professor, administrator).

ROLE: every status carries a cluster of expected behaviors, how a person in that status is expected to think, feel, as well as expectations about how they should be treated by others. The cluster of expected duties and behaviors that has become fixed in a consistent and reiterated pattern of conduct.

GROUP: two or more people regularly interacting on the basis of shared expectations of others’ behavior; interrelated statuses and roles.

INSTITUTIONS: patterns of activity reproduced across time and space. Practices that are regularly and continuously repeated. Institutions often concern basic living arrangements that human beings work out in the interactions with one another and by means of which continuity is achieved across generations. The basic building blocks of societies.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE: Structure refers to the pattern within culture and organization through which social action takes place; arrangements of roles, organizations, institutions, and cultural symbols that are stable over time, often unnoticed, and a changing almost invisibly. Structure both enables and constrains what is possible in social life.  

AGENCY: "the realized capacity of people to act upon their world and not only to know about or give personal or intersubjective significance to it. .. the power of people to act purposively and reflectively, in more or less complex relationships with one another, to reiterate and remake the world in which they live, in circumstances where they may consider different courses of action possible and desirable, though not necessarily from the same point of view." Consider human beings as producers, as instruments, and as products, to be the drivers, the vehicle and the recipients of acts of others. (Inden, 1990:23)

IDENTITY: combines the intimate or personal world with the collective space of cultural forms and social relations. Imaginings, consciousness, reflections of self produced, improvised from cultural materials and social transactions. caught between past, present and future, constant negotiation. Rather than a unified, single, original or genetic subjects, composite of many, often contradictory self-understandings and performances, often not confined to the body but spread over the material and social environment, few of which are durable.

INEQUALITY:

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: the division of people socio-economically into layers or strata. When we talk of social stratification, we draw attention into the unequal positions occupied by individuals in society. In the larger traditional societies and in industrialized countries today there is stratification in terms of wealth, property, and access to material goods and cultural products.

RACE: a human group that defines itself and/or is defined by other groups as different…by virtue of innate and immutable physical characteristics. It is a group that is socially defined on the bases of physical criteria.

ETHNICITY: cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them apart from others. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally distinct from other groups in a society, and are seen by those others to be so in return. Many different characteristics may distinguish ethnic groups from one another but the most usual are language, history or ancestry - real or imagined, religion, and styles of dress of adornment. Ethnic differences are wholly learned.

Answer 2

V was kind enough to help you with your homework I'm sorry but I don't share his generosity. Look it up in your textbook or online.  

Answer 3

Bracketing..............Obvious

Empathy.................Ideology

Ignorance................Social Act/Relation/Situation

Critical....................Synergism

Presupposing...........Levels of Reality

Radical...................Definition of Situation

Paradigms..............Institutions

Motifs of Sociology..Epistemology/Logic

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