What are topographic effects?

Question

What are topographic effects

Answer 1

Topography gives you the idea and ups and downs of earth surface.This is use full to decide which part and how much damage will occur during flood,cyclone,and earth quakes. This will give you the slope angle at different sea shore. If you have lessor angle the water will penetrate to a longer distance than for steeper shore.

Answer 2

Topographic effects are complex.  Not only are vegetated systems generally non-Lambertian in and of themselves, but variations in vegetation structure  interact with topography in a non-linear fashion.  As Alan Strahler once explained, "trees all stand straight up."  Another generalization I know,  but this one is acceptable.  Because trees stand straight up, a flat board laid  across the tops of two trees of exactly the same height will NOT form a horizontal surface on sloping terrian.  Instead the board will represent an incline.  Change the slope and change the incline.  Obvious, right.  Well its  the shadows/gaps in between trees that are one source of problems, as the apparent size and shape of these will change with topogrphic slope.  A greater complication is that any variation in structure of the canopy (tree to tree size, shape, and gap variability) can have at least as great an effect on the spectral response, as can the change in slope.  Take a complex canopy (including vertical overlapping of tree crowns in varying degrees) on complex terrain, the case always avoided whenever designing a study (FIFE, OREAS,  etc), and you have a difficult situation.