What can you say about genetically modified foods?

Question

What can you say about genetically modified foods?

Answer 1

Humans have been genetically modifying foods for millennium. Techniques such as selective breeding produce allele combinations that would likely have never occurred in the absence of human intervention. In the last century we learned more sophisticated forms of modification such as Somatic Cell Hybridization that allowed us to produce new species by combining the genomes of different species (Example: Triticale, a hybrid of wheat and rye). While the general public generally does not show great concern for these methods of modification, they do genetically alter plants and animals, and do have potential risks.

More recently we have been able to add, and in some cases remove specific genes from plants and animals. This level of manipulation has proved more controversial for a variety or reasons: Firstly these techniques were introduced in an age of higher consumer awareness (i.e. In the 19th century when Triticale was first bred there was no product labelling) so people are naturally more sensitive to the issue. Secondly there were concerns with safety, consumer choice, ethics, and the environment.

In terms of techniques, it is relatively easy to both add and remove genes from animals. It is also easy to add genes to plants, however removal of genes is more difficult. The addition of genes can have unintended consequences, such as altering the expression levels of other genes.

Safety: Many people are concerned that “genetically engineered” foods are less safe. There is very little evidence (peer reviewed evidence) to support this, however ANY genetic modification carries risks.

Consumer Choice: Large scale producers often prefer genetically modified crops as they can be more consistent, easier to grow, etc., so there is a fear that consumers will be “forced” to purchase such foods as they will have no other choice. I would think the growing market for, and availability of “organic” foods counters this argument. That being said, “organic” foods generally cost more, so the poor may still left with no choice.

Ethics: Many people wonder if we have the right to alter other species. It’s a valid question, but it rightfully applies to ALL forms of modification, not just one. There is also an ethical concern over cost. Seed for genetically modified crops is expensive and companies like Monsanto have been extremely litigious in ensuring only licensed farmers grow their products. This creates the legitimate fear that small producers will be unable to compete and will be forced out of business.

Environment: There is real concern that genes introduced into one species will spread to others unintentionally and this can lead to the spread of pesticide resistance, loss of natural species, and loss of secondary species (such as insects).

Personally, having performed genetic modifications in a research laboratory, I have few concerns, however I do believe that there needs to be strong legislation governing the introduction of genetically modified crops and, should pass rigorous testing before being grown or supplied to consumers.