What is exotic matter/energy?

Question

And how can it be used to create a blackhole and also a wormhole.

What methods could we use to keep the wormhole active?

Just to get some idears. Any thoughts?

Thanks everyone.

Answer 1

star trek really isnt a good source of information on physics.  it is fiction.

Answer 2

Anything that's not part of the standard model counts as exotic--superpartners, extra dimensional resonances, axions, and many more possibilities.  I don't know of anything hypothesized that would allow a wormhole.

Answer 3

It is said to be matter with so called "negative" mass. I think the idea came from matter(including light) not being able to escape from black hole. The theory for matter to escape a black hole is that it must become negative in mass, or exotic matter. The theory of negative mass is like anti gravity matter. In this state, it can exit the black hole. Also for a worm hole to exist it is matter on one side of the opening and and exotic matter on the other side for stable existence of a worm hole. But really to me black holes and worm holes are one in the same.

But I don't believe in negative mass, everything has mass,being negative in value compared to another is simply a relative term. Exotic matter is simply matter that is less dense than light. Something like dark matter almost...maybe the same. It is matter that has changed in rate of vibration and frequency to the point it becomes finer than beam.

Answer 4

Black Holes are created when heavy stars, above 3 to 4 solar masses, end their final core fusion cycles and collapse under the inexorable inward pull of gravity. Some heavy stars shed much of their outer mass during their final ‘giant’ stages and or detonate as a type II supernova. Those stars often leave behind a rapidly spinning neutron star. In such stars, the relativistic degeneracy pressure of the neutron’s balances the inward pressure of gravity. However, theory suggests that neutron stars cannot have masses in excess of 3 to 4 solar masses, known as the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit. Thus, any stellar remnant with more, than this mass, will collapse into a space-time singularity known as a black hole. These 'dark' (?) stars can gain mass by 'snacking' upon inward spiralling dust, stellar debris, and neighbouring stars caught in their gravitational wells.  

However, gravitational collapse of a stellar remnant may not be the only origin for black holes. Wikipedia adds,'...Gravitational collapse requires great densities. In the current epoch of the universe these high densities are only found in stars, but in the early universe shortly after the big bang densities were much greater, possibly allowing for the creation of black holes. The high density alone is not enough to allow the formation of black holes since a uniform mass distribution will not allow the mass to bunch up. In order for primordial black holes to form in such a dense medium, there must be initial density perturbations which can then grow under their own gravity. Different models for the early universe vary widely in their predictions of the size of these perturbations. Various models predict the creation of black holes, ranging from a Planck mass to hundreds of thousands of solar masses. Primordial black holes could thus account for the creation of any type of black hole.

Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes. In principle, black holes could also be created in high energy collisions that create sufficient density. Since classically black holes can take any mass one would expect micro black holes to be created in any such process no matter how low the energy. However, to date, no such events have ever been detected either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in particle accelerator experiments. This suggests that there must be a lower limit for the mass of black holes.' It is conjectured that the L(arge) H(adron) C(ollider) at CERN could possibly create some, occasional mini-black holes in its head on proton-proton collisions.

Turning, now to Worm holes, Wikipedia, comments, that, '...a wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of space-time that is basically a 'shortcut' through space and time. A wormhole has at least two mouths, which are connected to a single throat or tube. If the wormhole is traversable, matter can 'travel' from one mouth to the other by passing through the throat. While there is no observational evidence for wormholes, space-times-containing wormholes are known to be valid solutions in general relativity.

The term wormhole was coined by the American theoretical physicist John Wheeler in 1957. However, the idea of wormholes was invented already in 1921 by the German mathematician Hermann Weyl in connection with his analysis of mass in terms of electromagnetic field energy.

...A wormhole which connects (usually closed) universes is often called a Schwarzschild wormhole. .... Finally, wormholes are believed to be a part of space-time foam. There are two main types of wormholes: Lorentzian wormholes and Euclidean wormholes. Lorentzian wormholes are mainly studied in general relativity and semi classical gravity, while Euclidean wormholes are studied in particle physics. Traversable wormholes are a special kind of Lorentzian wormholes which would allow a human to travel from one side of the wormhole to the other.

It is known that (Lorentzian) wormholes are not excluded within the framework of general relativity, but the physical plausibility of these solutions is uncertain. It is also unknown whether a theory of quantum gravity, merging general relativity with quantum mechanics, would still allow them. Most known solutions of general relativity which allow for traversable wormholes require the existence of exotic matter, a theoretical substance which has negative energy density. However, it has not been mathematically proven that this is an absolute requirement for traversable wormholes, nor has it been established that exotic matter cannot exist.'

Finally, Wikipedia comments, that, 'Lorentzian wormholes known as Schwarzschild wormholes or Einstein-Rosen bridges are bridges between areas of space that can be modelled as vacuum solutions to the Einstein field equations by combining models of a black hole and a white hole. ...In 1962 John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller published a paper showing that this type of wormhole is unstable, and that it will pinch off instantly as soon as it forms, preventing even light from making it through.

...While Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable, their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes created by holding the 'throat' of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy).

...The possibility of traversable wormholes in general relativity was first demonstrated by Kip Thorne and his graduate student Mike Morris in a 1988 paper; for this reason, the type of traversable wormhole they proposed, held open by a spherical shell of exotic matter, is referred to as a Morris-Thorne wormhole. Later, other types of traversable wormholes were discovered as allowable solutions to the equations of general relativity, including a variety analyzed in a 1989 paper by Matt Visser, in which a path through the wormhole can be made in which the traversing path does not pass through a region of exotic matter. However in the pure Gauss-Bonnet theory exotic matter is not needed in order for wormholes to exist- they can exist even with no matter  A type held open by negative mass cosmic strings was put forth by Visser in collaboration with Cramer et al., in which it was proposed that such wormholes could have been naturally created in the early universe.

Wormholes connect two points in space-time, which means that they would in principle allow travel in time as well as in space. In a 1988 paper, Morris, Thorne and Yurtsever worked out explicitly how to convert a wormhole traversing space into one traversing time.' Thus, it has been suggested that by manipulating one of the mouths of a worm hole to produce relativistic time dilation - a closed loop time travel possibility into the past could be created. However, the 'jury is out' on the whole concept of worm holes.