What scientific materials were needed for telephone?

Question

what scientific materials were needed before the first telephone could be made?(matter chemistry and motion units, including topics such as physical and chemical properties and changes, temperature,air pressure,motion gravity, etc.)?

and how was it designed and built?

Answer 1

Telephone coverts sound energy into electricity pulses. So we need a microphone. First it was a diaphragm vibrating near a magnet. that was the arrangement for microphone,Now we uses carbon microphones.

Again the same thing was used as speaker which produced the sound.So two microphones,wires,battery for supply that was all needed to make first phone.