Who discovered taurine?

Question

who discovered taurine and can you give me some important information about taurine?

Answer 1

Geez by Hann... It is on thing to get the answer from Wikipedia. It is anthor to copy the entire article.

The discovory is the only thing I had to look up. And the first 2 posters found it there too. Taurine was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin.

In bile it is essential to process and use oils and fat soluable nutrients.

Besides bile taurine is also found in all amino acids, in fact is is the building blocks of all amino acids. It is also found in the heart, skeletal muscles, nervous system, and our white blood cells.

Taurine is also a stimulant and works with B vitamins which are also stimulants. This is why most energy drinks, regular and healthy ones use it.

Answer 2

Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. Its a main component of bile.

Answer 3

Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. It is also a major constituent of bile and can be found in lower amounts in the tissues of many animals including humans.[1][2] Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid, cysteine. Taurine is the only known naturally occurring sulfonic acid.[3]

Taurine is named after the Latin taurus, which means bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin.[4] It is often called an amino acid, even in scientific literature,[5][6][7] but as it lacks a carboxyl group it is not strictly an amino acid.[8] It does contain a sulfonate group and may be called an amino sulfonic acid. Small polypeptides have been identified which contain taurine but to date no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has been identified as specifically recognizing taurine and capable of incorporating it onto a tRNA.[9]

Contents

[hide]

    * 1 Physiological roles

    * 2 Taurine and cats

    * 3 Taurine and bird development

    * 4 Synthesis and production

    * 5 As a functional food

    * 6 References

    * 7 External links

[edit] Physiological roles

Taurine is conjugated via its amino terminal group with chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate. The low pKa (1.5) of taurine's sulfonic acid group ensures that this moiety is negatively charged in the pH ranges normally found in the intestinal tract and thus improves the surfactant properties of the cholic acid conjugate, which can be found in many energy drinks today. Taurine has also been implicated in a wide array of other physiological phenomena including inhibitory neurotransmission,[10] long-term potentiation in the striatum/hippocampus, membrane stabilization, feedback inhibition of neutrophil/macrophage respiratory bursts, adipose tissue regulation, calcium homeostasis and recovery from osmotic shock. It also acts as an antioxidant. .[11]

Prematurely born infants who lack the enzymes needed to convert cystathionine to cysteine may become deficient in taurine. Thus, taurine is a dietary essential nutrient in these individuals and is often added to many infant formulas as a measure of prudence. There is also evidence that taurine is beneficial for adult human blood pressure and possibly, the alleviation of other cardiovascular ailments.[12] Recent studies have also shown that taurine can influence (and possibly reverse) defects in nerve blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and nerve sensory thresholds in experimental diabetic neuropathic rats.[13][14] Taurine levels were found to be significantly lower in vegans than in a control group on a standard American diet. Plasma taurine was 78% of control values, and urinary taurine 29%.[15]

According to animal studies, taurine produces anxiolytic effect and may act as a modulator or anti-anxiety agent in the central nervous system.[16][17]

In recent years, taurine has become a common ingredient in energy drinks. Taurine is often used in combination with performance enhancing substances, such as creatine and anabolic steroids, partly due to recent findings in mice that taurine alleviates muscle fatigue in strenuous workouts and raises exercise capacity.[18]

Taurine is also used in some contact lens solutions.[19]

Taurine has also been shown in diabetic rats to decrease weight and decrease blood sugar.[20] According to one study, it has no effect on insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity in humans.[21] However, there is evidence that taurine may exert a beneficial effect in preventing diabetes-associated microangiopathy and tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic nephropathy.[22][23]

In humans suffering essential hypertension, taurine supplementation resulted in measurable decreases in blood pressure.[24]

[edit] Taurine and cats

Taurine is essential for cat health, as cats cannot synthesize the compound. The absence of taurine causes a cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness as well as hair loss and tooth decay. This condition is called central retinal degeneration (CRD).[25][26] In addition, taurine deficiency can cause feline dilated cardiomyopathy, and supplementation can reverse left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Taurine is now a requirement of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and any dry or wet food product labeled approved by the AAFCO should have a minimum of 0.1% taurine.[27]

[edit] Taurine and bird development

Recent research has provided evidence that taurine is essential in early bird development of passerines. Many passerines, regardless of spider availability, seek out many taurine-rich spiders to feed their young particularly in their youngest stages of life. Researchers later compared the behaviors and development of birds fed a taurine-supplemented diet to a control diet and found that juveniles that were fed taurine-rich diets as neonates were much larger risk takers and more adept at spatial learning tasks.[28]

[edit] Synthesis and production

In 1993, approximately 5,000–6,000 t of taurine was produced; 50% for pet food manufacture, 50% in pharmaceutical applications.[3] Synthetic taurine is obtained from isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite.[29] Another approach is the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. This leads directly to taurine.[citation needed]

[edit] As a functional food

Taurine is used as a functional food in many energy drinks and energy products (and more recently, in a chocolate bar[30]).

Energy Drink (Incomprehensive List) Taurine concentration Normalized concentration

Full Throttle 1194 mg/16 oz (2 servings) 263.2 mg/100g

Jolt Cola 2800 mg/23.5 oz 420.3 mg/100g

Monster 1000 mg/8 oz (1 serving) 440.9 mg/100g

NOS 1000 mg/8 oz (1 serving) 440.9 mg/100g

Red Bull 1000 mg/8.3 oz (1 serving) 440.9 mg/100g

Relentless 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) 440.9 mg/100g

Rip It 1000 mg/8 oz (2 serving) 440.9 mg/100g

Rockstar 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) 440.9 mg/100g

SoBe Adrenaline Rush 960 mg/16 oz (2 servings) 440.9 mg/100g

Starbucks Doubleshot 1800 mg/15 fl oz (2 servings)

V 420 mg/8 oz 200.6 mg/100g

Vitamin Water Power C Dragon Fruit Flavor 25 mg/20 fl oz (2.5 servings)

Vitamin Energy 2000 mg/16 fl oz

Von Dutch 1.6 mg/100g (1/5 of a can) 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) 440.9 mg/100g

Despite being present in many energy drinks, it has not been proven to be energy-giving. A study of mice hereditarily unable to transport taurine suggests that it is needed for proper maintenance and functioning of skeletal muscles.[31]