Why was Ernest Rutherford called the Father of Nuclear Physics?

Question

please be specific. thank you.

Answer 1

Because he performed his famous experiment of scattering alpha particles off of gold atoms and discovered that the gold atoms had almost all of their mass packed into a tiny central core with the rest of the inside of the atom being basically empty.

Rutherford discovered that atoms have nuclei.

Answer 2

Wikipedia comments, ' Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. He pioneered the orbital theory of the atom through his discovery of Rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.

The Geiger-Marsden experiment (also called the Gold foil experiment or the Rutherford experiment) was an experiment done by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester which led to the downfall of the plum pudding model of the atom.

They measured the deflection of alpha particles (helium ions with a positive charge) directed normally onto a sheet of very thin gold foil. Under the prevailing plum pudding model, the alpha particles should all have been deflected by, at most, a few degrees. However they observed that a very small percentage of particles were deflected through angles much larger than 90 degrees. From this observation Rutherford concluded that the atom contained a very physically-small (as compared with the size of the atom) positive charge, which could repel the alpha particles if they came close enough. These conclusions were subsequently developed into the Bohr model.

Early in 1911, Rutherford began to formulate a new model of subatomic structure based on the 1909 experiment. This new model is called the Rutherford model. The observations indicated that the plum pudding model - a model of the atom with a diffuse charge - is incorrect, and that a large amount of atomic charge is instead concentrated at some point, giving it a very high electric field. He concluded that the atom might be mostly empty space, with most of the atom's mass and a large fraction of one of its two kinds of charge concentrated in a tiny center, the "central charge" (later termed universally the nucleus, though not by Rutherford). Rutherford was unable to say from his experiment whether or not the nuclear charge was positive or negative, but considered the possibility that the high electric field seen deflecting the alphas, was positive: "For concreteness, consider the passage of a high speed a particle through an atom having a positive central charge Ne, and surrounded by a compensating charge of N electrons."

He calculated the charge from two experiments to be 97 (in one case) and 114 (in the other case) for gold. Thus, whether the concentrated charge was positive or negative, it was on the order of about 100 units. Rutherford considered the magnitude of the concentrated charge therefore (along with beta scattering experiments done by others on other elements, including platinum, which gave about the same result for the charge) to be "proportional" to atomic mass. This mass he took for gold, as 197. Rutherford does not mention the idea of atomic number in the paper, and does leave open the possibility that small fraction of the particular charge that was concentrated in the atom (positive or negative), might in part be diffusely distributed elsewhere.

Rutherford's results were enough to allow him to definitively reject Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom, since none of Thomson's negative "corpuscles" or electrons contained enough charge or mass to deflect alphas strongly, nor did the diffuse positive "pudding" or cloudlike positive charge, in this model. The only other atomic model which Rutherford considered, was the Saturnian model of Nagaoka, in which the electrons orbited a central positive charge in a stable flat ring, much like Clerk Maxwell's model of the particulate rings of the planet Saturn, with electrons being held in orbit around it by electrostatic attraction. Rutherford noted that this model would be consistent with his results, and Nagaoka's 1904 paper is the only one which Rutherford's 1911 paper cites.

Rutherford found the nuclear diameter for a charge of 100 units must be concentrated in an area of less than about 3.4 x 10^-14 metres in radius (this distance is the calculated closest approach for a straight-on projected path of an alpha of the known energies being used, toward a nucleus with a charge of 100 e), in the centre of a 10^-10 metre diameter atom. Those alpha particles that had come into proximity with the nucleus had been strongly deflected, whereas the majority had passed at a relatively great distance to it. As for the structure of the nucleus itself, Rutherford put forward the suggestion that the nucleus of gold might be made of 49 helium nuclei (alpha particles), giving it a mass of 196 (as opposed to the known mass of 197), and a charge of 98 (gold's place on the periodic table was 79, probably explaining why Rutherford did not immediately propose that his measured charge and atomic number were the same). Rutherford noted that the presence of helium nuclei in the nucleus would exp

Answer 3

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Answer 4

He is famous for an early particle physics experiment where he fired alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a sheet of gold that had been hammered so thin it was barely a few atoms thick. Much to his (and everyone else's) surprise, he found that 99% of the alpha particles shot right through the gold like it wasn't there, and the other 1% were reflected back at some angle. Later he figured out that these particles were striking the nucleus of the gold atoms and being kicked back.

The upshot of all of this is a fairly astounding fact: Matter is made up mostly of empty space.

The scientific community then snubbed him by giving him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry rather than what he really deserved, the Physics Prize.